Chapter 2: Socialization  Perspectives on Socialization  Agents of Child Socialization  Processes of Socialization  Outcomes of Socialization  Adult Socialization

What is Socialization?  Process:  Learning a culture  Becoming effective member of society  Being “human”

What do we learn? Skills Knowledge Values Motives Roles 3

9/4 Consequences of Socialization 1.Establishes self-concepts 2.Creates capacity for role taking 3.Creates tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways 4.Makes people bearers of culture

 “Every man is in certain respects:  Like all other men-  Like some other men-  Like no other man.” Clyde Kluckholm: Anthropologist

Perspectives on Socialization  The Developmental Perspective Dependent on Physical & Psychological Development Examples:  “Potty Training”  Walking  Speaking  Feeding self

The Social Learning Perspective  Cognitive & behavioral skills Language Shared meanings Imitation Acquiring behavior Performing behavior

9/6 Social Learning Perspective  Children see, children do  M&feature=related M&feature=related  Learning by observation: 4 processes Attention Retention Production Motivation

Social Learning Perspective  Bobo doll experiment  HDNU HDNU  Reciprocal determinism between:  Cognitive abilities  Person’s behavior  Environment  “The world and people’s behavior cause each other.” Bandura

The Interpretive Perspective: Symbolic Interaction Theory ure=related ure=related He’s Just Not that Into You Cognitive Processes  Thinking  Reasoning Social interaction Societal meanings Interpretive reproduction (routines) Development of self

Sequence of roles Age-linked roles Predictable transition times Certain persons or organizations responsible The Impact of Social Structure

Socialization as Social Control

13 Components of Socialization Socialization has four necessary components: 1.An agent – someone serves as source for what is being learned 2.A learning process 3.A target – person being socialized 4.An outcome - something that is being learned

Agents of Childhood Socialization  Four of the Agents : 1. Family 2. Peers 3. School 4. Mass media

Processes of Socialization  1) Instrumental Conditioning  Big Bang Theory video Big Bang Theory video Shaping Punishment Extrinsically motivated  Depends on others

Shaping Punishment

Extrinsic Motivation

18 Punishment  Definition: The presentation of painful or discomforting stimulus that decreases probability that a behavior will occur.  Widely used in the United States. Our culture is tolerant of or encourages its use.  Major child rearing practice used by parents.  Research—Punishment is effective in some circumstances but not in others.

Instrumental Conditioning  Intrinsically motivated  Self-reinforcement  Internalizing standards-judging  Self-efficacy

Intrinsic motivation Self-reinforcement

Internalizing Standards-judging Self-efficacy

Processes of Socialization  2) Observational Learning (Modeling) Observe another person’s behavior & its consequences  Efficient Characteristics of the model  High-Status  Nurturing

Processes of Socialization  3) Internalization Externally imposed behavioral standards  Become internal Self-control

Outcomes of Socialization  Gender Roles  Linguistic & Cognitive Competence  Moral Development  Work Orientations

Adult Socialization  Role Acquisition  Anticipatory Socialization  Role Discontinuity