Learning

True or False Becoming sick from eating certain food can be a genuine learning experience.

True or False If you are afraid of snakes, it may help to surround yourself with them.

True or False People who watch a lot of violence on TV are more likely to become violent.

True or False Pigeons were used to guide missiles during World War II. Pigeons were used to guide missiles during World War II.

True or False Negative reinforcement is the same thing as punishment.

Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

Why do Psychologist’s Care? If we wish to understand the things people do, we must begin with basic principles of learning.

List What You Have Learned For each period of your life, list 10 – 15 skills you have learned For each period of your life, list 10 – 15 skills you have learned  0 yrs - pre-school  Elementary  Middle school   High school

Defining Learning Handout 5-1

Learning Topics  What are the principles of Classical Conditioning?  How are the principles of Operant Conditioning applied?  What are the cognitive factors in learning?

Classical Conditioning  Discovered by Ivan Pavlov who began his work by studying the digestive system of dogs.  Concepts of CC: –Stimulus: something that produces a reaction –Response: a reaction produced from a stimulus

The Experiment  Step 1: A bell is rung  Step 2: Immediately meat powder is placed on a dog’s tongue. Dog begins to salivate.  Step 3: Process is repeated, after only a few times, the dog begins to salivate when only the bell rings.

Defining Classical Conditioning A type of learning in which associations are formed by pairing two stimuli. A type of learning in which associations are formed by pairing two stimuli.

Elements of Classical Conditioning  NS (neutral stimulus) initially no reaction to it; arbitrary “thing”  US (unconditioned stimulus) naturally produces a response  UR (unconditioned response) a natural response  CS (conditioned stimulus) learned stimulus  CR (conditioned response) learned response

Elements of the Experiment  Prior to Conditioning –Unconditioned Stimulus (US): MEAT –Unconditioned Response (UR): SALIVATION –Neutral Stimulus (NS): BELL b/c elicits no initial response

Elements of the Experiment  During conditioning –Neutral Stimulus (NS): BELL –Unconditioned Stimulus (US): MEAT –Unconditioned Response (UR): SALIVATION –See changes in role of NS and its effects on the UR

Elements of the Experiment  After conditioning –Conditioned Stimulus (CS): BELL –Conditioned Response (CR): SALIVATION

S Starts it and R is ALLLLLLLLLLLLL Right (Helpful) NS ---X  UCR #1X+UCS  UCR #2CS +UCS  UCR CS is ALWAYS BEFORE UCS!!!!!!!! #3CS +X  U CR

(Helpful) BELL ---X  Salivation #1X+FOOD  Salivation #2BELL +FOOD  Salivation #3BELL + X  Salivation Pavlov’s Dog

Write out an equation for how Seabiscuit was taught to start quickly after the bell. Seabiscuit

SEABISCUIT (Helpful) BELL ---X  RUN #1X+BRUSH  RUN #2BELL+BRUSH  RUN #3BELL +X  RUN

Little Albert The Little Albert experiment was an experiment that taught a child to fear. It was extremely unethical and will never be repeated today. Little Albert video with commentary Little Albert video with commentary (4:14) Little Albert video with commentary

LITTLE ALBERT (Helpful) WHITE RAT ---X  FEAR #1X+NOISE  FEAR #2WHITE RAT+NOISE  FEAR #3WHITE RAT+X  FEAR

 Write an equation on how to eliminate the fear of an object, like a rabbit, in a child.  HINT: You need to create happiness or joy. This will be the response you need to create. Applied Psychology Eliminating Fear

(Helpful) RABBIT ---X  HAPPY #1X+ICE CREAM  HAPPY #2RABBIT+ICE CREAM  HAPPY #3RABBIT+X  HAPPY PETER RABBIT

Night Trainr Night Trainr Write an equation for how this would help a child who wets the bed. Level of Difficulty - Challenging Night Trainr

(Helpful) FULL BLADDER---X  AWAKE #1X +ALARM  AWAKE #2 FULL BLADDER+ALARM  AWAKE #3 FULL BLADDER+  AWAKE BED WETTING

Give Me my BaBa!!! (Helpful) BIB---X  SATISFACTION #1X+BOTTLE  SATISFACTION #2 BIB+BOTTLE  SATISFACTION #3 BIB+X  SATISFACTION

(Helpful) ICE CREAM---X  HAPPY #1X+ICE CREAM  HAPPY #2 MUSIC+ICE CREAM  HAPPY #3 MUSIC+X  HAPPY THE ICE CREAM MAN

Visit to the Doctor / Dentist Write an equation on how doctors and dentists use classical conditioning to make children want to return.

C.C. Applied  Complete exercise handouts (3)

How does CC help us adapt to our environment?  Taste Aversions  Extinction  Spontaneous Recovery  Generalization  Discrimination

Taste Aversion  You eat something, then get sick (think stomach flu). Afterwards you can’t eat that food again.  Example: Mrs. Kelly gets food poisoning from an egg while also eating PB and J = Can’t eat PB and J again.

Extinction  When the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear

Extinction  If the smell of food (the unconditioned stimulus) had been paired with the sound of a whistle (the conditioned stimulus), it would eventually come to evoke the conditioned response of hunger. However, if the unconditioned stimulus (the smell of food) was no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus (the whistle), then the conditioned response (hunger) would eventually disappear

Spontaneous Recovery  is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response

Spontaneous Recovery  You hear the song you and your ex boyfriend danced to at the Homecoming Dance Circa October 2011 and get choked up just thinking about = SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY.

Generalization  The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned

Generalization  For example, if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, the child will exhibit fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Discrimination  The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Discrimination  A Mom potty trains her child using a bell to remind him to go to the potty. Then when he goes to school and hears a bell, he is able to realize the bell means he should go to lunch and not go to the potty.

Applications of CC  Flooding  Systematic Desensitization  Case of Little Albert  Counterconditioning