THE PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE ACT AND REACT IN RELATION TO OTHERS HOW MANY OF YOU LIKE THINGS STRUCTURED? WHY? HUMANS RELY ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE TO MAKE SENSE OUT OF SITUATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE RELATIVE STABLE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR THESE PATTERNS MAKE THE SOCIAL WORLD UNDERSTANDABLE AND HELP GUIDE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR LET’S BREAK THESE PATTERNS DOWN... 2 2 2 1 1 1

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION ON NONHUMAN PRIMATES RHESUS MONKEYS CONCLUSIONS COMPLETE ISOLATION FOR 6 MONTHS PASSIVE, ANXIOUS, FEARFUL WHEN RETURNED PROVIDED A ARTIFICIAL MOTHER EMOTIONALLY DAMAGEDWHEN RETURNED PROVIDED ARTIFICIAL MONKEY COVERED IN CLOTH (CLUNG TO MOTHER) SHOWED LITTLE EMOTIONAL DISTRESS ADULTS MUST ALSO CRADLE CHILDREN SO THEY DEVELOP EMOTIONALLY IF OTHER MONKEYS AROUND, ABSENCE OF THE MOTHER WAS NOT SEVERE LACK OF SOCIAL EXPERIENCE, RATHER THAN THE ABSENCE OF THE PARENT WAS EMOTIONALLY DAMAGING SHORTER PERIODS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION CAUSED ONLY TEMPORARY DISTRESS LONG-TERM ISOLATION CAUSES IRREVERSIBLE EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DAMAGE HARRY & MARGARET HARLOW

Psychologist John B. Watson BEHAVIORISM: BEHAVIOR IS NOT INSTINCTIVE BUT LEARNED PEOPLE ARE EQUALLY HUMAN, DIFFERING ONLY IN THEIR CULTURAL PATTERNS HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS ROOTED IN NURTURE NOT NATURE REALIZING INHERITED POTENTIAL DEPENDS ON HAVING AN OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP IT A CHILD’S BRAIN MUST BE STIMULATED EARLY IN LIFE OR IT DOES NOT FULLY DEVELOP NURTURE IS OUR NATURE

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION ON CHILDREN ANNA ISABELLE NATURE OR NURTURE BORN TO AN UNMARRIED AND MENTALLY IMPAIRED WOMAN WHO LIVED WITH HER FATHER LOCKED HER DAUGHTER AWAY FOR 5 YEARS IN A STORAGE ROOM WITH HER HANDS TIED ANNA HAD NO SOCIAL EXPERIENCE FOR 5 YEARS NO THOUGHTS, EMOTIONS, OR MEANINGFUL BEHAVIOR HAD DEVELOPED (NO PERSONALITY) AT AGE EIGHT HER MENTAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT WAS LESS THAN A 2 YEAR OLD AT 10 SHE USED WORDS BUT THEN DIED SOCIAL ISOLATION LEFT HER PERMANENTLY DAMAGED BORN TO A DEAF-MUTE MOTHER THAT SPENT TIME WITH HER IN A DARK ROOM LOCKED AWAY FOR 6 YEARS BUT THE MOTHER WAS PHYSICALLY WITH HER PSYCHOLOGISTS HAD HER TRYING TO TALK IN A WEEK AND 1 1/2 YEARS LATER HAD A VOCAB OF 2000 WORDS LEARNED IN TWO YEARS WHAT MOST LEARN IN SIX BY 14 SHE WAS IN THE 6TH GRADE ETHNOMETHODOLOGY

SOCIAL EXPERIENCE IS CRUCIAL IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT GENIE SOCIAL EXPERIENCE IS CRUCIAL IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT GIRL LOCKED AWAY AT 2 AND DISCOVERED AT THE AGE OF 13 TIED NAKED TO A POTTY CHAIR IN A DARK GARAGE AT NIGHT PLACED IN A STRAITJACKET SHE COULD NOT WALK, CHEW FOOD, SPEAK, OR CONTROL HER BLADDER HAD THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF A 1 YEAR OLD TODAY, SHE ONLY HAS THE LANGUAGE ABILITY OF A YOUNG CHILD

A RECOGNIZED SOCIAL POSITION THAT AN INDIVIDUAL OCCUPIES CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A LABEL EVERY STATUS INVOLVES PARTICULAR DUTIES, RIGHTS AND EXPECTATIONS STATUSES CONNECT US TO OTHERS IN SHORT, A STATUS DEFINES WHO AND WHAT WE ARE IN RELATION TO OTHERS 3 3 3 2 2 2

ALL THE STATUSES A PERSON HOLDS AT A GIVEN TIME STATUS SET ALL THE STATUSES A PERSON HOLDS AT A GIVEN TIME JOINING AN ORGANIZATION OR QUITTING AN ORGANIZATION ADDS OR DELETES TO OUR STATUS SET EXAMPLES: MOTHER BUSINESS WOMEN SISTER DAUGHTER WIFE STATUS/ROLE ACTIVITY

HOW STATUSES ARE OBTAINED TYPE OF STATUS ASCRIBED: INVOLUNTARY POSITIONS RECEIVED AT BIRTH OR ASSUMED INVOLUNTARILY LATER IN LIFE GENDER AND EVEN RELIGION ACHIEVED: VOLUNTARY POSITIONS THAT REFLECT PERSONAL ABILITY AND EFFORT DROP OUT, UNEMPLOYMENT, DOCTOR OFTEN THE TWO TYPES WORK TOGETHER. WHAT WE ARE ASCRIBED OFTEN HELPS US ACHIEVE OTHER STATUSES EXAMPLE: HOW MIGHT A HIGH (OR LOW) ECONOMIC STATUS HELP PEOPLE “ACHIEVE” OTHER STATUSES AS THEY GO THROUGH LIFE? DOCTOR, KENNEDY, PRESIDENT HEY! I WORKED HARD TO ACHIEVE THIS STATUS IN LIFE! I HAD AN ADVANTAGE! 3 3

THE STATUS THAT SEEMS TO DEFINE A PERSON ALSO, A PERSON’S “MASTER STATUS” CAN EITHER WORK IN FAVOR OR AGAINST A PERSON. POSITIVES KENNEDY DOCTOR NEGATIVES AIDS CRIMINAL 4 4

DINNER FOR ONE! MY BEST FRIEND! 5 5

...THE BEHAVIOR EXPECTED OF SOMEONE WHO FILLS A PARTICULAR STATUS A PERSON’S ROLE IN ANY STATUS IS A SET OF EXPECTATIONS FOR BEHAVIOR ROLE SET A NUMBER OF ROLES ATTACHED TO A SINGLE STATUS DISCIPLINARIAN SPORTS AUTHORITY DIETITIAN BUSINESSWOMAN CAREGIVER DR. MOM KITCHEN QUEEN PRETTY MOM ROBERT MERTON 4 4 4 6 6 6

ROLES DEMAND A PERSON’S TIME AND ENERGY ROLE CONFLICT INCOMPATIBILITY AMONG ROLES WITH TWO OR MORE STATUSES EXAMPLE: CONFLICT BETWEEN ROLE EXPECTATIONS OF A POLICE OFFICER WHO CATCHES HER OWN SON USING DRUGS AT HOME Boyfriend/girlfriend issues ROLE STRAIN INCOMPATIBILITY AMONG ROLES CORRESPONDING TO A SINGLE STATUS EXAMPLE: MANAGER WHO TRIES TO BALANCE CONCERN FOR WORKERS WITH TASK REQUIREMENTS COMPARTMENTALIZING 7 7

LEAVING ROLES BEHIND ROLE EXIT - BECOMING AN “EX” DISENGAGING FROM SOCIAL ROLES VERY TRAUMATIC IF NOT PROPERLY PREPARED PROCESS OF BECOMING AN “EX” INITIATE CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT LIFE RAISE DOUBTS ABOUT WILLINGNESS OR ABILITY TO CONTINUE WITH A CERTAIN ROLE EXAMINATION OF NEW ROLE POSSIBILITIES LEADS TO A TURNING POINT AT WHICH TIME ONE DECIDES TO PURSUE A NEW LIFE CHALLENGE OF LEARNING NEW EXPECTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEW ROLE EXAMPLE: GOING THROUGH A MID-LIFE CRISIS! EXAMPLES: DIVORCE AND DATING AGAIN “EXES” CARRY ON A SELF-IMAGE SHAPED BY AN EARLIER ROLE, WHICH CAN INTERFERE WITH BUILDING A NEW SENSE OF SELF I WON’T LET IT HAPPEN TO ME AGAIN! 8 8

STATUSES AND ROLES HELP US AS WE GO ABOUT CONSTRUCTING REALITY SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY THE PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE CREATIVELY SHAPE REALITY THROUGH SYMBOLIC INTERACTION WE PRESENT OURSELVES IN TERMS THAT SUIT THE SETTING AND OUR PURPOSE TELLS PERSON WHAT OTHER INDIVIDUAL IS LIKE PERSON FALLS INTO RECOGNIZABLE SOCIAL CATEGORY TELLS WHAT WE CAN EXPECT IN TERMS OF BEHAVIOR FROM THE INDIVIDUAL GRANDFATHER=KIND, JUDGE=DIGNIFIED, TEACHER=PROFESSIONAL HELPS US KNOW HOW WE ARE EXPECTED TO BEHAVE TOWARDS OTHERS SYMBOLS IN MILITARY REPRESENT RANK, SO OTHERS KNOW HOW TO ACT WE LISTEN OR LOOK FOR CLUES TO TELL US HOW TO RELATE TO PEOPLE HELLO, I’M GREGG SCHMIDT, MR. SCHMIDT, DR. SCHMIDT, SENATOR SCHMIDT STATUS LABELS HELP FORM A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY 5 5 5 9 9 9

LEONARD BICKMAN LOOKS CAN BE A STATUS/LABEL WILL DRESS AFFECT HOW PEOPLE RESPOND TO YOU? A DIME WAS LEFT IN A PHONEBOOTH WHEN FOUND, A WELL DRESSED OR A POORLY DRESSED PERSON APPROACHED THE INDIVIDUAL WELL-DRESSED PERSON WAS GIVEN THE DIME 77% OF THE TIME POORLY-DRESSED PERSON WAS GIVEN THE DIME 38% OF THE TIME

TWO OR MORE PEOPLE WHO IDENTIFY AND INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER SOCIAL GROUPS TWO OR MORE PEOPLE WHO IDENTIFY AND INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER PRIMARY GROUP (PERSONAL ORIENTATION) SMALL SOCIAL GROUP WHOSE MEMBERS SHARE PERSONAL AND ENDURING RELATIONSHIPS THE FIRST GROUP WE EXPERIENCE IN LIFE (SOCIALIZATION) EACH PERSON IS UNIQUE AND IRREPLACEABLE SECONDARY GROUP (GOAL ORIENTATION) LARGE AND IMPERSONAL SOCIAL GROUP WHOSE MEMBERS PURSUE A SPECIFIC INTEREST OR ACTIVITY WE ARE ALWAYS AWARE OF WHAT WE OFFER OTHERS AND WHAT WE RECEIVE IN RETURN HOW ARE YOU? DO WE REALLY CARE? CAN SECONDARY GROUP NORMS BE VIOLATED? HOW DO YOU ENSURE THAT YOU WILL BE A MEMBER OF A PRIMARY GROUP? CONFORMITY!

HOW DO WE MAKE SENSE OF COUNTLESS FAMILIAR SITUATIONS? LANGUAGE AND BEHAVIOR REST UPON DEEPER ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE WORLD WE LIVE IN ETHNOMETHODOLOGY A PROCESS THROUGH WHICH WE “BREAK THE RULES” IN ORDER TO SEE HOW PERSONS BUILD THEIR REALITIES BY OBSERVING REACTIONS TO SITUATIONS IN WHICH PEOPLE “BREAK WITH EXPECTED NORMS,” ONE CAN BEGIN UNDERSTANDING THE UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS HOW “REALITY IS CONSTRUCTED” TRY THIS AT HOME OR ON FRIENDS HOW ARE YOU? DO I REALLY WANT TO KNOW? HOW DO YOU MAKE SENSE OF THIS? HAROLD GARFINKEL

EXAMINING SOCIAL INTERACTION IN TERMS OF THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES PRESENTATION OF SELF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT WE ENHANCE OUR PERFORMANCE ROLE PERFORMANCE COSTUME=DRESS PROPS=OBJECTS CARRIED ALONG MANNER=TONE OF VOICE & GESTURES STAGE=PERFORMANCE CRAFTED ACCORDING TO SETTING EXAMPLE: GOING TO THE DOCTOR AND PLAYING THE SICK ROLE AS EXPECTED JOKE LOUDLY IN A BAR AND DOING THE REVERSE IN CHURCH 6 6 6 10 10 10

DECEPTIVE PERFORMANCES DETECTING LIES WITHIN PERFORMANCES PAUL EKMAN USING WORDS SIMPLE SLIPS OF THE TONGUE QUALITY OF SPEECH (VOICE) HINTS OF DISCOMFORT: PAUSES, STUMBLING TREMBLING OR SHAKY VOICE BODY LANGUAGE SUDDEN SWALLOWING, RAPID BREATHING, AND TRYING TO “FAKE IT” OFTEN PROVIDE CLUES TO DECEPTION: NERVOUSNESS FACIAL EXPRESSIONS RAISING AND DRAWING TOGETHER OF THE EYEBROWS (AN INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT) INDICATES FEAR OR WORRY DECEPTIONS IN COMMUNICATING 11

GENDER AND PERSONAL PERFORMANCE DEMEANOR WOMEN GENERALLY OCCUPY POSITIONS OF LESSER POWER (POWERFUL PEOPLE ENJOY MORE FREEDOM ABOUT HALF OF ALL WORKING WOMEN IN THE U.S. HOLD CLERICAL OR SERVICE JOBS THAT PLACE THEM UNDER THE CONTROL OF MEN WOMEN MUST CRAFT THEIR PERSONAL PERFORMANCE PERSONAL SPACE: THE SURROUNDING AREA WHICH A PERSON MAKES SOME CLAIM TO PRIVACY FEMININITY MEASURED BY HOW LITTLE SPACE WOMEN OCCUPY (DAINTINESS) MASCULINITY MEASURED BY HOW MUCH TERRITORY A MAN CONTROLS (TURF) – muscular men considered more attractive MEN INTRUDE INTO WOMEN’S PERSONAL SPACE, BUT IF A WOMEN INTRUDES INTO MEN’S PERSONALL SPACE IT’S SEEN AS SEXUAL STARING WOMEN EMPLOY EYE CONTACT TO SUSTAIN CONVERSATION WOMEN WORK HARDER AT SUSTAINING EYE CONTACT WHEN MEN STARE THEY ARE CLAIMING SOCIAL DOMINANCE (OBJECT) SMILING WOMEN SMILE MORE THAN MEN, WHICH CAN BECOME A NERVOUS HABIT (INDICATES SUBMISSION OR MAKING PEACE) TOUCHING GENERALLY TOUCHING IS SOMETHING MEN DO TO WOMEN ALTHOUGH SUBTLE, IT DEMONSTRATES MALE DOMINANCE

GENDER AND LANGUAGE LANGUAGE CONTROL VALUES ATTENTION CONVEYS MEANING ON MORE THAN ONE LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING CONTROL FEMALE PRONOUNS AND OWNERSHIP WOMEN OFTEN ADOPT THE HUSBAND’S NAME MOTORCYCLE=SHE’S A BEAUTY VALUES TRADITIONALLY FEMININE TERMS ARE MORE LIKELY TO CHANGE TO NEGATIVE MEANINGS THAN THEIR MASCULINE COUNTERPARTS ATTENTION CHOOSING THE “HE” WORD TO REPRESENT “ALL” PERSONS

UNCONVENTIONAL REALITY CAN BE HUMOROUS AND PROVIDES US WITH AN EXAMPLE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION 11 13 13

USE OF HUMOR IN INTERACTION HUMOR IS UNCONVENTIONAL SINCE IT REPRESENTS A VIOLATION OF CULTURAL PATTERNS “NOT GETTING IT” MEANS THAT A PERSON DOES NOT UNDERSTAND THE CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL REALITIES EMBEDDED IN THE JOKE HUMOR IS TIED TO A COMMON CULTURE AND DOES NOT TRANSLATE EASILY HUMOR ACTS AS A SAFETY VALVE SINCE IT OFTEN DEALS WITH “HOT BUTTON” (EVEN DANGEROUS) ISSUES IF HUMOR CAN LIBERATE, IT CAN ALSO OPPRESS, AS IT DOES WITH JOKES ABOUT RACE, SEX, GENDER, AND THE DISABLED 12