s People differ from each other in meaningful ways s People seem to show some consistency in behavior Personality is defined as distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting

 Personality refers to a person’s unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions  Personality is an interaction between biology and environment  Genetic studies suggest heritability of personality  Other studies suggest learned components of personality

1. Trait 2. Psychoanalytic 3. Humanistic 4. Socio-Cognitive

 Two Factor Trait Theory of Personality UNSTABLE STABLE choleric melancholic phlegmaticsanguine INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED Moody Anxious Rigid Sober Pessimistic Reserved Unsociable Quiet Sociable Outgoing Talkative Responsive Easygoing Lively Carefree Leadership Passive Careful Thoughtful Peaceful Controlled Reliable Even-tempered Calm Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Active

 Traits are relatively stable and consistent personal characteristics  Trait personality theories suggest that a person can be described on the basis of some number of personality traits  Allport identified some 4,500 traits  Cattel used factor analysis to identify basic traits  Eysenck argued there are 3 distinct traits in personality Extraversion/introversion Neuroticism Psychotocism Allport

 SWITCH TO PROJECTOR

 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)  the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests  developed to identify emotional disorders

 “Nothing in the newspaper interests me except the comics.”  “I get angry sometimes.”

 Trait theory, especially the Big 5 model, is able to describe personality  Cross-cultural human studies find good agreement for the Big 5 model in many cultures  Appear to be highly correlated not only in adulthood, but also in childhood and even late preschoolers  Three dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness) have cross-species generality  Problems with trait theory include:  Lack of explanation as to WHY traits develop  Issue of explaining transient versus long-lasting traits

 Psychoanalytic theory, as devised by Freud, attempts to explain personality on the basis of unconscious mental forces  Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of some aspects of our mental states  Freud argued that personality is made up of multiple structures, some of which are unconscious  Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause us anxiety; our personality develops defense mechanisms to protect against anxiety

s Levels of consciousness  Conscious What we’re aware of  Preconscious Memories etc. that can be recalled  Unconscious Wishes, feelings, impulses that lies beyond awareness s Structures of Personality  Id Operates according to the “pleasure principle”  Ego Operates according to the “reality” principle  Superego Contains values and ideals

Children pass thru a series of age-dependent stages Each stage requires resolution of a particular conflict/task

Failure to successfully navigate a stage’s particular conflict/ task is known as Fixation Leaving some energy in a stage Specific problems result from Fixation, depending on which stage is involved

Freud's stages are based on clinical observations of his patients The Stages are: Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital

Birth to 18 months Focus on the mouth and nursing Fixation results in difficulties with trust, attachment, commitment Fixation may also manifest as eating disorders, smoking, drinking problems

18months- 2yrs Focus on the anus and potty training Failure to defecate on schedule may make parents sad/mad

18months- 2yrs Parental disappointment, in turn, makes baby angry and resentful towards caregivers, emotions which are defended against

Fixation may result in either: Anal retentiveness: perfectionism, obsessive- compulsive tendencies Anal expulsive: sloppy, messy, disorganized

Ages 3-6 Focus on the genitals Must successfully navigate the Oedipal Conflict

Boys want to marry mom and kill father, aka Oedipal Complex, but fear retaliation from father (castration anxiety); ultimately resolved through identification with father Electra?

Girls have penis envy, want to marry dad, aka “Electra Complex”; identify with mom to try to win dad’s love Penis envy-resolved thru relationship w/ dad- identity

Ages 3-6 Resolution of the Oedipal Conflict results in formation of the Superego aka the conscience- Fixation results in attraction to unattainable partners

Ages 6-11 Sex drive is rerouted into socialization and skills development-a form of sublimation “Cooties” stage

Ages 6-11 Don’t like opposite sex (has “cooties”) Fixation results in lack of initiative, low self esteem Energy is transferred to “nonsexual” activities

Ages 13- young adulthood Focus on adult sexual relationships Pleasure through “whole body” not just genitals.

 Projective Tests  used to assess personality (e.g., Rorschach or TAT tests)  How? provides ambiguous stimuli and subject projects his or her motives into the ambiguous stimuli

 Rorschach Inkblot Test  the most widely used projective test  a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach Rorschach

used to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) people express their inner motives through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

s Alfred Adler  Humans are motivated by social interest  Takes social context into account

 potential…  driving force >>> inferiority inferiority complex-  key--- birth order adulthood >>> lack confidence or too much  compensation

BIRTH ORDER AND PERSONALITY caution: generalizations ahead. 1 st born-no fun, but responsible middle-potential criminals only-mini adults youngest-the greatest people u will ever meet.

Compliant Traits   People Pleasers  Crave Approval  Nurturers  Caregivers  Reliable  Conscientious  Cooperative  Team Players  "Grin and bear it" mentality

 Aggressive Traits  Movers and shakers  Natural leaders  Perfectionists  Driven  Conventional  Always have things under control  Assertive  Want things their way

 Common Traits  Energetic  Logical  Ambitious  Enterprising  Scholarly

 More than 1/2 of the U.S. Presidents were first born children  21 of the 23 first astronauts were first born children  2/3 of entrepreneurs are first born children

 Middle Born type#1  Loner  Quiet Shy  Impatient  Uptight  Middle Born type #2  Outgoing  Friendly  Loud  Laid back  Patient Usually the opposite of the oldest child.

 Common Traits  Flexible  Diplomatic  Rebellious  Attention seeking  Competitive  Peacemakers

 Love to stand out  Want to feel “special”  Want to "do their own thing“  Imaginative  They get “dethroned” by baby. –Age this happens is important-stage of development?

 Only one “type” of last born.  Last Born Traits  Risk takers  Idealists  Good sense of humor  Hard working  Immature  Attention seeking  Secretive  Sensitive

 Fun Facts  Famous last born children: Howard Stern, Jay Leno, Bill Gates, Danny DeVito, and Cameron Diaz  Tend to go against the norm  Make the biggest stirs in life-  Want to be noticed  Know no boundaries

 extreme versions of first born children.  Only Traits  Mature faster  Get along well with older people  Responsible  Self-Centered  Perfectionists  Attention seekers  Use adult language  Prefer adult company  Have difficulty sharing

 Gender-only female or the only male is seen as “special”-doesn’t get “dethorned”  Divorce  Step Brothers/Sisters  Huge age gaps-resets order  Adoption  Family tragedy-severe illness/death.

s Carl Jung  A collective unconscious is represented by universal archetypes  Two forms of unconscious mind Personal unconscious: unique for each person Collective unconscious: consists of primitive images and ideas that are universal for humans

 Humanistic personality theories reject psychoanalytic notions  Humanistic theories view each person as basically good and that people are striving for self-fulfillment  Humanistic theory argues that people carry a perception of themselves and of the world  The goal for a humanist is to develop/promote a positive self-concept

s Carl Rogers  We have needs for: Self-consistency (absence of conflict between self- perceptions Congruence (consistency between self-perceptions and experience)  Inconsistency evokes anxiety and threat  People with low self-esteem generally have poor congruence between their self-concepts and life experiences.

▲ Abraham Maslow emphasized the basic goodness of human nature and a natural tendency toward self- actualization.

 Proposed that each person has a unique personality because of our personal histories and interpretations shape our personalities ▲ Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive approach focuses on self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism. ▲ Julian Rotter’s locus of control theory emphasizes a person’s internal or external focus as a major determinant of personality.

s Internal locus of control  Life outcomes are under personal control  Positively correlated with self-esteem  Internals use more problem-focused coping s External locus of control  Luck, chance, and powerful others control behavior