Rome: from beginning to end

Rome: early roots Rome founded around 750 B.C. Two theories: –Mythical –Physical Who were they? –Latins –Etruscans –Greeks What was borrowed to shape Roman culture? –Agriculture –Skills –Education –Architecture –Religion

Size of Rome in the early Republic

Rome: forming the Republic Early Kings –Etruscan: Tarquin the Proud Why so irritated by Etruscan rule? 509 B.C. last Etruscan King What then begins? Think hard!!

Republic: Power in the people to elect their leaders Patricians Aristocrats Landowners Held Power Plebeians Commoners Majority of population Senate Aristocratic branch 300 members Foreign and domestic policy Tribunes Protected rights of Plebeians Prevent unfair practices

ExecutiveLegislativeJudicial PresidentCongressSupreme Court American System -- based on balance of powers/functions Note: The only legitimate interest is that of the people Roman System -- based on balance of interests MonarchicalAristocraticDemocratic 2 Consuls + other magistrates SenateAssembly of Tribes Tribune Directed government and army Acted as judges Could issue edicts Acted as chief priest Controlled state budget Could pass laws Approved/rejected laws Decided on War Tribune could veto actions of magistrate Acted as final court Basis of power: possess imperium, the right to rule need for leadership Basis of power: members were richest men in Rome. Basis of power: provided most of the soldiers Limits on power: one year term each could veto Limits on power: could not control army needed majority as soldiers. Limits on power: Could not suggest laws often paid as clients by the elite

Republic: Power in the people to elect their leaders Consuls: Leaders (2) to make governmental and military decisions One year long 10 year absence One has veto power over the other

Attributes of the Republic Twelve Tables –Victory for Plebeians –451 B.C. –Prevent interpretation –Protection under the law for all Assemblies –Were the Tribunes worked –Appointed Consuls Dictator –Leader with absolute power –Could make laws –Chosen by consuls –Elected by senate

Roman Military Roman Army –Required for land owners –10 years required for office –Legions 5000 men Smaller 80 men groups (century) –Group of soldiers on horseback support legions (Calvary)

Roman Warfare With a partner create a timeline of Rome’s rise to power through its military. Include the following events or people –Dominate central Italy –Punic Wars I, II, III –Hannibal –Scipio

Rome: Where is Carthage?

Rome: Punic Wars 264 B. C. war erupts Carthage Mediterranean power Control’s Sicily, however happily gave it up in first treaty following First Punic War What comes next?

Rome: Punic Wars Second Punic War Hannibal: 29 year old general Brilliant military leader Avenge Carthages defeat Assembled a massive army –50,000 infantry –9,000 calvary –60 Elephants

Rome: Second Punic War

Rome: Final Punic War Hannibal had success at Cannae However failed to overtake Rome Scipio Roman Hannibal like figure Wanted to put a final end to threat Carthage for the most part non-factor but decided to destroy Carthage Cato the elder

Inside Check!! 750 BC – Rome Founded 600 BC Etruscan King 509 BC Aristocrats Rule – Republic 264 BC Punic Wars 133/121 BC Gracchus Brothers killed BC Roman Civil Wars 31 BC Battle of Actium 27 BC Octavian becomes Augustus Emperor of Rome

Rome: The Empire Brings Change –Remember what the Republic was? –Growth brought political, social, and economic changes –Widening gap between the rich and poor –Latifundia – Patrician estates –Where were these from? –Massive Latifundia cause problems –Lost land and life to Patricians

Rome: Empire Brings Change Republic finally collapses Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – helped the poor as tribune Limiting estate sizes Both were killed ultimately for what? Civil War or unrest The savage beasts have their… dens…, but the men who bear arms and expose their lives for the safety of their country, enjoy…nothing more in it but the air and light…and wander from place to place with their wives and children. – Tiberius Gracchus

Rome: A change is on its way During War allegiance of solders changes Gaius Marius & Cornelius Sulla Rise of Julius Caesar occurs because of void 60 B.C. 1 st Triumvirate Caesar, Crassus, Pompey

Rome: A change is on the way Caesar was appointed Consul for one year He then became governor of Gaul Three leaders would run the empire Untill???? What stopped Caesar’s rule in Gaul?

Rome: A change is on the way 50 B.C. Pompey has the Senate remove Caesar from Gaul 49 B. C. Caesar returns 44 B. C. Dictator for life Absolute Ruler How did Caesar create change? Who might be jealous? What might happen? March 15, 44 B.C. The Ides of March “Et tu, Brute?”I

Rome: The Empire Begins After Caesar’s death another Civil War breaks out Octavian leads the charge – grand nephew Mark Antony, Lepidus Second Triumvirate Jealousy Actium 31B.C. Antony and Cleopatra

Rome: The Empire 3 Million Square miles, million total population 1 million in the city of Rome Agriculture the number one economic resource Roman Roads: Purpose? Original Purpose?

Rome: The Empire The Transfer of Power The Bad Emperors –Caligula –Nero –Domitian The Good Emperors –Nerva –Trajan –Hadrian –Antoninus Pius –Marcus Aurelius

Rome: JULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPERORS AUGUSTUS 27 BCE - 14 CE TIBERIUS CE CALIGULA CE CLAUDIUS CE NERO CE This dynasty is known as the Julio-Claudians Derived from two families Julian and Claudian

Rome: Augustus Wise politician Gave up power to receive it Principate Praetorian Guard All offices had been in existence under the Republic, but not in one persons hand Imperator – military Tribunicia Potesta- protector of the commoners Legal power---not dictatorship Not so wise Militarily Marcus Agrippa led much of his military campaigns Civil Service – Tax, postal, grain Biggest fault…a successor

Rome: Tiberius Adopted with much reluctance Paranoid about coups Distanced himself from leadership roles Sejanus - Praetorian Guard Treason Trials Coin in the potty Funny how you die…Pillow fight!!

Rome: Caligula Grand Nephew of Tiberius Ruled for only four years Gaius??Caligula?? Little Boots Hated name… punished if said Became increasingly nuts Trusted know one… not even Macro Killed and befriended all Incest… a lie? Like to spend money!! Bay of Naples and Chariot Race Be my priest please?

Rome: Claudius Was named by Praetorian Guard as Emperor A chance to restore republic…get rid of what? Who didn’t want this? Also feared assassination Expanded into Britain Wife was very scheming.. Plot to kill Married Agrippina, Caligulas sister Elevate Nero to Emperor The Mushroom…ouch

Rome: Nero First five years rather calm Man of the Arts Killed wives, step brother What to do with Agrippa? Exile The great boat ride…ouch Murder Lost out with aristocrats Went on trip through Greece Distanced himself Guard turned on him and went after him “Oh what an artist the world is losing.”

The Rise of Christianity Roman Gods were impersonal… Boring Christianity was a movement born with Judaism … a personal relationship 63 BC Romanize … Herod

The Rise of Christianity Herod - ruled with iron fist Dies… Revolt of Romans … 6 AD Roman Province Zealots – Rid Judea of Romans Another group believed that the Messiah would appear to restore the kingdom of the Jews Jesus 6- 4 B.C. Born in Judea Age 30 Public Ministry What were his teachings?

The Rise of Christianity The Apostles Teachings brought great fame A threat to Romans and Jews Blasphemy… Pontius Pilate – Roman Governor Sentenced to death.. Three Days Later?? Jesus the Messiah Peter and other apostles Paul led small group which created Christianity

The Rise of Christianity Jewish Rebellion over Land Diaspora … 1800 years and gone Rome sees as a threat. 64 AD Nero Persecutions AD 312 Constantine Milvian Brridge Edict of Milan Heresy – New Testament Nicene Creed

The Niddy Griddy Why did Christianity Grow? 1.______________ 2.______________ 3.______________ 4.______________ 5.______________ What critical moment occurred in AD 312? Impact?