Emissions Inventory and Air Quality Planning National Urban Air Quality Workshop Lahore, Pakistan December 13, 2004

Topics of Discussion Air Quality Planning Matrix What is an emission inventory Why is emission inventory needed What is role of air monitoring and modeling How to develop control strategies Case Studies and Lessons Learned

Matrix for Air Quality Planning Adopt air quality standards Establish air monitoring network Develop emissions inventory Develop control strategies Test strategies through modeling Involve and educate public on strategies Adopt air quality management plan

What is an Emission Inventory? Complete listing, by source, of air pollutant emissions Covers a specific geographic area Covers a specific period of time Organized by type of data (e.g., point, area, mobile, biogenic)

What can Emission Inventory tell you? Where air pollution is emitted How much is emitted from each source What sources would be most effective to control

What can Emission Inventory NOT tell you? The distance that air pollutant emissions are transported The amount of air pollution to which people are exposed The health risk from the air pollution

Why is emission inventory needed Identify sources of pollution Identify pollutants of concern Identify distribution and trends Input to air quality monitoring Input to air quality modeling Input to develop control strategies

How is Emission Inventory used? Identifying and planning for allocation of source contributors; Developing an emissions control strategy Permitting sources and imposing emission fees Public information and awareness Monitoring and tracking of emissions trends

Sources of Emissions Stationary (e.g. industrial processes, fuel combustion) Mobile (e.g. on road and off road vehicles) Area wide (e.g. landfills, open burning) Biogenic (e.g. vegetation, soils)

Building an Emission Inventory Point Sources Area Sources NonRoad Mobile Sources OnRoad Mobile Sources Inventory

How to inventory emissions? Continuous emission monitors Periodic stack tests Emission Factors Material balance

Source Activity Data Required Vehicles - registration by mode, traffic projections Fuel Use – vehicles, industry, home Industrial Production – products, volume, combustion, pollutants Weather – temperature, Rainfall Growth – population, development, distribution

Forecasting future emissions Projected population growth Projected development growth Projected emissions growth Determine what and where emission sources will require additional controls

Role of air quality monitoring Establish air quality monitoring network Determine key pollutants for which monitoring will be done Establish guidelines for sitting monitors, data handling and reporting Measures concentrations of key pollutants to compare to air quality standards and develop control strategies

Role of Air Quality Modeling Test control strategies based on modeling inputs (emissions inventory data, meteorological data) Validate against monitored air quality data Weigh evidence, take mid-course correction, and make changes to strategies if necessary

Developing Control Strategies Determine key pollutants of concern from air monitoring Review contributions of pollutants from source sectors using emission inventory Evaluate control strategies based on technical feasibility, cost effectiveness, affordability to source, public acceptability, and adverse effects on other environmental media

Enforcing Control Strategies Ensure legal authority to enforce through statute, regulations, court Incorporate strategies in permit conditions for existing and new sources Outreach to affected sectors, industry, and the general public to promote compliance

Case Study: State of Maryland, US Maryland has 15 air monitors showing exceedance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) on average 14 days a year USEPA has found Maryland to be in severe nonattainment of NAAQS for Baltimore and Washington areas

Maryland Case Study Based on emissions inventory data, Baltimore has estimated NOX emissions of 475 tons per day Major source emitters include: Utilities (179 tons), light duty gasoline vehicles (70 tons), heavy duty diesel vehicles (55 tons), general manufacturing (38 tons), and farm equipment (8 tons)

Maryland Case Study Enhanced inspection and maintenance program is estimated to reduce 70 tons per day when fully implemented Strongly opposed by the general public based on inconvenience to motorist Major public awareness campaign launched by government, industry and NGO ’ s Legislators voted to change mandatory program to voluntary, Governor forced to veto legislation during election year

Case Study: Chiang Mai, Thailand Chiang Mai is the second largest municipality in Thailand and had lacked capacity in air quality management Thai Pollution Control Department, Chiang Mai Municipality, and State of Maryland worked together to develop first air quality plan for Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai Case Study Emissions inventory database was developed in three source categories – stationary, area, and mobile For stationary sources, questionnaire sent out to industry based on activity (food & agriculture, waste disposal, wood products, storage tanks) Information collected on type/amount of material used, fuel, production capacity, operating time/season, combustion units, control devices, type of emissions

Chiang Mai Case Study “ Achieving Environmental Results Workshop ” held with stakeholders – government, industry, taxi/bus associations, police, NGO ’ s, religious leaders, academia, media Stakeholders brainstormed on menu of control strategies Based on stakeholder inputs, air quality management plan adopted Citizen Advisory Committee established to monitor compliance

Lessons Learned Effective air quality planning requires a reliable database for decision-making Building database requires documentation, computerization, training, and continuous efforts Choices of control strategies will vary based sources, growth, feasibility, and acceptability Public participation and awareness of urban air quality issues is key to political will and ultimate success