TEACHING STUDENTS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

PPPPlagiarism occurs when an individual intentionally or unintentionally, cheats by representing another person’s words, facts, ideas, translations, images (photographs, art work, graphs, etc.) or audio as their own by not giving credit to the creators. PPPPlagiarism is academic theft which has legal and employment implications. ((((Plagiarism Guideline – Grades 9 to 12, Waterloo Catholic District School Board, 2007)

SSSSubmitting someone else’s work as your own. NNNNot citing someone else’s work properly MMMMaking up citations IIIImproperly paraphrasing, cutting and pasting or quoting without citation PPPPurchasing or downloading assignments and then submitting them as your own SSSSubmitting your own work in multiple classes without permission

Make sure you understand the definition and consequences of cheating and plagiarism. 1. Make sure you understand the definition and consequences of cheating and plagiarism.

Practice note taking, paraphrasing and citation skills. Using a thesaurus to change key words is not paraphrasing. You still need to cite your sources. 2. Practice note taking, paraphrasing and citation skills. Using a thesaurus to change key words is not paraphrasing. You still need to cite your sources.

When taking notes make sure you always cite the source. 3. When taking notes make sure you always cite the source.

Use quotations only when appropriate. Otherwise paraphrase as often as you can. 4. Use quotations only when appropriate. Otherwise paraphrase as often as you can.

Use a reference page for every assignment 5. Use a reference page for every assignment.

Only use references approved by the teacher. 6. Only use references approved by the teacher.

Use a variety of resources instead of relying on the internet. One good rule is to use one book and one on-line research database for every website used. 7. Use a variety of resources instead of relying on the internet. One good rule is to use one book and one on-line research database for every website used.

Avoid using someone else’s assignment as a source for your own research. 8. Avoid using someone else’s assignment as a source for your own research.

Complete all stages of the writing process and make changes according to the feedback from the teacher. 9. Complete all stages of the writing process and make changes according to the feedback from the teacher.

Submit all rough notes and draft copies with the final copy. 10. Submit all rough notes and draft copies with the final copy.

Stay on schedule with all components of the assignment. Take time to plan out your work. 11. Stay on schedule with all components of the assignment. Take time to plan out your work.

Have someone else edit your assignments before submitting them to the teacher. 12. Have someone else edit your assignments before submitting them to the teacher.

Do not submit the same assignment for two or more teachers without their permission 13. Do not submit the same assignment for two or more teachers without their permission

S tudents do not have to cite information that is considered “common knowledge”. The problem is in understanding what the concept of “common knowledge” means. “Common knowledge” is generally anything most educated people would know or anything that is found in a general encyclopedia or reference book. Opinions and conclusions are not “common knowledge”

O ne simple rule would be: “If you did not know it before your research, you should cite it”. Another simple rule would be: “It is better to over-cite than under-cite information”.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PIECES OF KNOWLEDGE IS COMMON KNOWLEDGE AND WHICH ONE IS KNOWLEDGE THAT NEEDS TO BE CITED?: HISTORY EXAMPLE  Pierre Trudeau was Canada’s 15th Prime Minister.  Pierre Trudeau was a practicing Catholic who believed firmly in the the separation between Church and State.

 Pierre Trudeau was Canada’s 15th Prime Minister. (Common knowledge – gives basic information that would appear in an encyclopedia) (Common knowledge – gives basic information that would appear in an encyclopedia)  Pierre Trudeau was a practicing Catholic who believed firmly in the the separation between Church and State. (Knowledge that needs to be cited – has information that is not commonly known – opinion is given)

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PIECES OF KNOWLEDGE IS COMMON KNOWLEDGE AND WHICH ONE IS KNOWLEDGE THAT NEEDS TO BE CITED?: MATH EXAMPLE  Pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. Pi =  With the use of computers, Pi has been calculated to over 1 trillion digits past the decimal.

 Pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. Pi = (Common knowledge – gives basic information that would appear in an encyclopedia) (Common knowledge – gives basic information that would appear in an encyclopedia)  With the use of computers, Pi has been calculated to over 1 trillion digits past the decimal. (Knowledge that needs to be cited – has information that is not commonly known – opinion is given)

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PIECES OF KNOWLEDGE IS COMMON KNOWLEDGE AND WHICH ONE IS KNOWLEDGE THAT NEEDS TO BE CITED?: SCIENCE EXAMPLE  Energy = Mass times the Speed of Light (SQUARED)  Albert Einstein once explained his theory of relativity by saying that an hour sitting with a pretty girl on a park bench seems like a minute but a minute sitting on a hot stove can seem like an hour.

 Energy = Mass times Speed of Light (SQUARED) (Common knowledge – gives basic information that would appear in an encyclopedia) (Common knowledge – gives basic information that would appear in an encyclopedia)  Albert Einstein once explained his theory of relativity by saying that an hour sitting with a pretty girl on a park bench seems like a minute but a minute sitting on a hot stove can seem like an hour. (Knowledge that needs to be cited – has information that is not commonly known – opinion is given)

T here are various forms of plagiarism that are common for students. They include the following: 1. C ut and Paste 2. Q uoting without citing 3. I ncomplete paraphrasing as plagiarism without citing 4. P lagiarism of an idea without citing

R ead the following original text excerpt and the examples that follow. Each example demonstrates a form of plagiarism. You need to: a. i dentify the form of plagiarism used b. p rovide the appropriate format to be used

ORIGINAL TEXT EXCERPT  In 1828, Jim Crow was born. He began his career as a minstrel caricature of a black man created by a white man, Thomas “Daddy” Rice to amuse white audiences. By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become synonymous with a complex system of racial laws and customs in the South that ensured white social, legal, and political domination of blacks. Blacks were segregated, deprived of their right to vote, and subjected to verbal abuse, discrimination, and violence without redress in the courts or support by the white community.  Wormser, Richard. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. St. Martin’s Press: New York, 2003.

 In 1828, Jim Crow was born. He began his career as a minstrel caricature of a black man created by a white man, Thomas “Daddy” Rice to amuse white audiences. By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become synonymous with a complex system of racial laws and customs in the South that ensured white social, legal, and political domination of blacks. Blacks were segregated, deprived of their right to vote, and subjected to verbal abuse, discrimination, and violence without redress in the courts or support by the white community.  Wormser, Richard. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. St. Martin’s Press: New York, Example 1: Where is the plagiarism? In 1828, Jim Crow was born. He began his career as a minstrel caricature of a black man created by a white man, Thomas “Daddy” Rice to amuse white audiences. By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become synonymous with a complex system of racial laws and customs in the South that ensured white social, legal, and political domination of blacks. Blacks were segregated, deprived of their right to vote, and subjected to verbal abuse, discrimination, and violence without redress in the courts or support by the white community.

Example 1: Cutting and Pasting It is a simple case of “cutting and pasting”. As well, it does not include the proper citation. It is a simple case of “cutting and pasting”. As well, it does not include the proper citation.

“In 1828, Jim Crow was born. He began his career as a minstrel caricature of a black man created by a white man, Thomas “Daddy” Rice to amuse white audiences. By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become synonymous with a complex system of racial laws and customs in the South that ensured white social, legal, and political domination of blacks. Blacks were segregated, deprived of their right to vote, and subjected to verbal abuse, discrimination, and violence without redress in the courts or support by the white community.” Wormser, Richard. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. St. Martin’s Press: New York, The entire passage should be cited. Use quotations. However students are encouraged to paraphrase as much as possible particularly when using such a large passage.

 In 1828, Jim Crow was born. He began his career as a minstrel caricature of a black man created by a white man, Thomas “Daddy” Rice to amuse white audiences. By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become synonymous with a complex system of racial laws and customs in the South that ensured white social, legal, and political domination of blacks. Blacks were segregated, deprived of their right to vote, and subjected to verbal abuse, discrimination, and violence without redress in the courts or support by the white community.  Wormser, Richard. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. St. Martin’s Press: New York, Example 2: Where is the plagiarism? “By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become synonymous with a complex system of racial laws and customs in the South that ensured white social, legal, and political domination of blacks.”

Example 2: Quoting Without Citing It is a case of “quoting without citing”. As well, it does not include a proper citation. It is a case of “quoting without citing”. As well, it does not include a proper citation.

“By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become synonymous with a complex system of racial laws and customs in the South that ensured white social, legal, and political domination of blacks.” Wormser, Richard. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. St. Martin’s Press: New York, Excerpts that are quoted must be cited. However, quotations should be used minimally. Paraphrase wherever possible Excerpts that are quoted must be cited. However, quotations should be used minimally. Paraphrase wherever possible.

 In 1828, Jim Crow was born. He began his career as a minstrel caricature of a black man created by a white man, Thomas “Daddy” Rice to amuse white audiences. By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become synonymous with a complex system of racial laws and customs in the South that ensured white social, legal, and political domination of blacks. Blacks were segregated, deprived of their right to vote, and subjected to verbal abuse, discrimination, and violence without redress in the courts or support by the white community.  Wormser, Richard. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. St. Martin’s Press: New York, Example 3: Where is the plagiarism? By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become associated with a complicated system of racial laws and customs in the South that guaranteed white social, legal, and political domination of blacks

Example 3: Incomplete Paraphrasing It is a case of “incomplete paraphrasing as plagiarism”. It merely substitutes key words and keeps the main structure of the sentence intact. It also does not include a proper citation. It is a case of “incomplete paraphrasing as plagiarism”. It merely substitutes key words and keeps the main structure of the sentence intact. It also does not include a proper citation.

“By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become” associated with a complicated “system of racial laws and customs in the South” that guaranteed “white social, legal, and political domination of blacks”. Wormser, Richard. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. St. Martin’s Press: New York, Excerpts that are partially quoted still need to be quoted and cited. A general rule is that any time 3 or 4 words are directly lifted from a source, it must be quoted. It is preferred that the entire section is fully quoted or fully paraphrased. Avoid merely substituting key words.

 In 1828, Jim Crow was born. He began his career as a minstrel caricature of a black man created by a white man, Thomas “Daddy” Rice to amuse white audiences. By the 1880s, Jim Crow had become synonymous with a complex system of racial laws and customs in the South that ensured white social, legal, and political domination of blacks. Blacks were segregated, deprived of their right to vote, and subjected to verbal abuse, discrimination, and violence without redress in the courts or support by the white community.  Wormser, Richard. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. St. Martin’s Press: New York, Example 4: Where is the plagiarism? Jim Crow is the name given to describe a set of laws which were used to discriminate against blacks in the Southern United States in the 1880s. These laws were used to take away the right to vote from blacks and to sustain unfair treatment in the courts. They also instituted other forms of legalized acts of segregation. The name Jim Crow was taken from a fictional character developed by Thomas “Daddy” Rice in the 1820s. This character was developed to entertain white audiences at the expense of a black population.

Example 4: Plagiarism of an idea without citing. citing. It is a case of “plagiarism of an idea without citing”. While it does a proper job of paraphrasing it does not include a proper citation. It is a case of “plagiarism of an idea without citing”. While it does a proper job of paraphrasing it does not include a proper citation.

Jim Crow is the name of a set of laws used to discriminate against blacks in the Southern United States in the 1880s. These laws were used to take away the right to vote from blacks and to sustain unfair treatment in the courts. They also instituted other forms of legalized acts of segregation. The name Jim Crow was taken from a fictional character developed by Thomas “Daddy” Rice in the 1820s. This character was developed to entertain white audiences at the expense of a black population. Wormser, Richard. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. St. Martin’s Press: New York, This is the preferred method. Paraphrase excerpts in your own words. Restructure the entire passage to make it clearly your own phrasing and then cite the passage.

Quotations should be used as minimally as possible. Students are encouraged to paraphrase as much as possible. Quotations should ideally be used in the following circumstances:

1. D IRECTLY QUOTING A PERSON 2. D IRECTLY QUOTING FROM PROSE OR SONG 3. Q UOTING A PASSAGE FOR MEANING OR PHRASING 4. Q UOTING AN OPINION OR CONCLUSION

Use quotations if you are repeating something a person directly said or wrote in the first person that is memorable. Examples may include speeches, diaries, or editorials. If you feel that paraphrasing the statement reduces the impact of the statement then you should directly quote the statement.

“As he said many times, in many parts of this nation, to those he touched and who sought to touch him: Some men see things as they are and say why. I dream things that never were and say why not." Kennedy, Edward. “Tribute to Senator Robert F.Kennedy”., October

Use direct quotations when you are quoting passages from artistic works like prose or song.

“To sleep, perchance to dream – ay there’s the rub” Shakespeare, William. Hamlet (III, i, 65-68) Shakespeare, William. Hamlet (III, i, 65-68) “Is a dream a lie if it don’t come true or is it something worse?” “Is a dream a lie if it don’t come true or is it something worse?” Springsteen, Bruce. The River, Springsteen, Bruce. The River, 1980.

Use direct quotations if you feel the passage is written in a particularly powerful or insightful way. You feel that paraphrasing will significantly alter the original meaning or intent of the passage.

“Elizabeth, although she has no real political power, is the Queen Bee at the centre of this Alice in Wonderland world of passages and mirrors.” Bradford, Sarah. Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1996.

Use quotations when the author has a specific, unique or contentious conclusion. You may want to quote so that you do not misinterpret the conclusion or to avoid the reader challenging your interpretation.

“The shots which killed President Kennedy and wounded Governor Connelly were fired by Lee Harvey Oswald.” The Warren Report, The Official Report on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, ed. President’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, Associated Press, The Warren Report, The Official Report on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, ed. President’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, Associated Press, 1964.

Notification of Administration All acts of plagiarism will be referred to Administration. Students who gave or sold their works to other students will also be referred to Administration.

Term Work (70%) All work you plagiarize will receive an 0 (ZERO) until the assignment has been redone or an alternative assignment is completed. The teacher will decide whether you need to redo the assignment or whether a whole new assignment meeting the same expectations must be completed. All work you plagiarize will receive an 0 (ZERO) until the assignment has been redone or an alternative assignment is completed. The teacher will decide whether you need to redo the assignment or whether a whole new assignment meeting the same expectations must be completed.

Culminating Course Activities (30%) Intentional Plagiarism If you intentionally plagiarize an assignment you will automatically receive a mark of 0 (zero) for the portion of the assignment that was plagiarized. If you had a rough draft of your work that was not plagiarized, the teacher might take it into consideration for evaluation purposes. If you intentionally plagiarize an assignment you will automatically receive a mark of 0 (zero) for the portion of the assignment that was plagiarized. If you had a rough draft of your work that was not plagiarized, the teacher might take it into consideration for evaluation purposes.

Culminating Course Activities (30%) Unintentional Plagiarism If you unintentionally plagiarize an assignment an 0 (ZERO) will be assigned until it has been redone or an alternative assignment is completed. The teacher will decide whether you need to redo the assignment or whether a whole new assignment meeting the same expectations must be completed. If you fail to redo the assignment, a zero will be assigned. If you unintentionally plagiarize an assignment an 0 (ZERO) will be assigned until it has been redone or an alternative assignment is completed. The teacher will decide whether you need to redo the assignment or whether a whole new assignment meeting the same expectations must be completed. If you fail to redo the assignment, a zero will be assigned.

Y ou have the right to appeal a consequence. A meeting between you, your parents, the teacher and school administration might be called.