Why Do Laws Change? …What factors can cause changes to the law?

Demographic Changes Technological Changes Changes in values National Emergencies

Demographics The study of the characteristics of a population

Demographic Changes Rate of births/deaths –Canada – 1.5 (Replacement rate is 2.1) The average age (too high/too low-not good) Trends in: –Education –Immigration –Employment –Births/deaths –And other characteristics of the population.

Birth rates in Canada 2006/2007 Facts and Figures: Canadian Birth Rates Canada's fertility rate fell to a record low in 2000, following ten straight years of decline in the number of births. The fertility rate is currently 1.5 children per woman aged 15 to 49, well below the replacement rate of 2.1. This is among the lowest birth rates in the world, below Australia, France or Britain, but higher than Japan and Germany. (Fertility rate = the average number of children a woman in a given age group will have in her life)

Industrial revolution  rural to urban Creation of Unions Improved work conditions (Labour law) (war)  women in workforce Maternity leave (subsidized by government) Paternity leave (200?) Equal pay laws Anti-discrimination laws Baby boomers reaching retirement: Modifications to contributions to Canada Pension Plan Mandatory retirement laws Additional health care costs (public funding) Special housing needs (public funding)

…Continued Reduction in birth rate: Close schools Paying more into pensions Need for immigration Immigration: Integration policies/programs Education Support Work skills/training Social issues

Technological Changes

Computers  Internet: Pornography (child) Identity theft Credit card fraud Copyrights Defamation of character Cell phones: Competition laws driving & talking/texting law public use of phone camera phones/privacy laws Automobiles: Licensing safety standards emissions testing jurisdiction over roadways

Television / Radio: Advertising standards Censorship Competition Canadian content laws CRTC: accueil.htm accueil.htm Space travel: Jurisdiction issues Safety/spending Spying/international laws

Changing values What changed? Why did it change?

Atitudes towards… ► Women ► Aboriginal Canadians ► Religion ► Smoking ► Drinking ► Animal rights ► Abortion ► Homosexuality ► Poverty/ the rest of the world ► Persons with disabilities ► And more…

Graphic - Abortion

Graphic - Famine

It takes time to fully comprehend, or accept, the negative consequences of certain behaviors: It takes time to fully comprehend, or accept, the negative consequences of certain behaviors: ► Ex. Drunk Driving ► Ex. Smoking

Attitudes… ► Towards Aboriginals: ► change in public perception, understanding and awareness of the relationship between Aboriginals and the government. ► Laws were passed prohibiting construction projects on their ancestral lands and burial grounds as well as granting some self- government.

► Discrimination in general: ► Racism ► Discriminatory landlords, employers ► Equity for the disabled

► Values are always changing both for individuals and the collective. - people are influenced by others - people are influenced by others - what are the mediums of influence? - what are the mediums of influence? ► Are we progressing? …relative moralism? …relative moralism? ► Is society an experiment?

National Emergencies Parliament may pass special laws in response to national emergencies. Often intended to be temporary but then the are often never repealed (removed)

2 examples came into effect during World War 1: The War Measures Act: Allows the government to restrict our civil liberties. (Last invoked during The October Crisis) The Income Tax Act: We have to pay tax on the money we earn!  (Both were originally enacted when Canada entered WW1) …one of these was repealed, the other is still with us today.

The events of September 11 th were responded to by the passing of the Anti- terrorism Act. CBC News In Depth: Canadian securityCBC News In Depth: Canadian security Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaCanadian Anti-Terrorism Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Department of Justice Site on ATA rap/2005/rr05_11/p3.htmlhttp:// rap/2005/rr05_11/p3.html

Highlights of the Anti-terrorism Act: It gives the police wide, sweeping powers to act on suspected acts of terrorism. It allows suspected terrorists to be detained without charge for up to three days. It makes it easier for the police to use electronic surveillance, which used to be seen as a last resort. It allows for preventive arrests. It allows judges to compel witnesses to give evidence during an investigation. It allows for the designation of a group as a terrorist organization. The legislation makes it a crime to: Knowingly collect or provide funds, either directly or indirectly, in order to carry out terrorist crimes.

On February 27, 2007, the House of Commons voted against renewing the provisions, which later led to the expiration of these provisions.

Security Certificates Re: Class discussion Feb.8 th

1867Later…Factor responsible for change horse and buggysteam engine Technological advancement factory workers mostly men factory workers mostly women National Emergency Abortion a criminal act Abortion legal Change in Values 4 provinces in Canada 9 provinces and 2 territories in Canada Demographic Change