Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 1 Dactyloscopy - The Study of Fingerprints History from 1850 to 1900 William Herschel - required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints as a means of identifying prisoners Henry Faulds - claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification Alphonse Bertillon - proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry Francis Galton - developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches, and whorls Edward Richard Henry - in collaboration with Galton, instituted a numerical classification system

Anthropometry First systematic attempt at personal identification Alphonse Bertillon in 1883 –Anthropometry: system of precise body measurements Included detailed descriptions of the subject Full-length and profile photographs Accuracy of measurements were disproved by the William West Case (Leavenworth Prison is 1903)

History of Fingerprinting Francis Galton –1892: Published Finger Prints Described the anatomy of fingerprints and suggested methods for recording them Acknowledged that no two prints are alike and do not change throughout a lifetime Three pattern types –Loops, Arches, and Whorls

Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints First Principle A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. No two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics Individuality of a fingerprint is not determined by its general shape or pattern but by careful study of ridge characteristics or minutiae Examples: bifurcation, enclosures, islands, ridge endings, short ridges, ridge crossings, deltas

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company5 Minutiae - characteristics of ridge patterns Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae

Ridge ending – a ridge that ends abruptly Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae

Bifurcation – a single ridge that divides into two ridges. Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae

Eye & Enclosure – a single ridge that bifurcates and reunites a short time after to form a single ridge Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae Eye Enclosure

Short ridge or island – a ridge that starts, travels a short distance and then ends Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae

Dot – an independent ridge with approximately equal length and width Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae

Spur or Hook – a bifurcation with a short ridge branching off a longer ridge Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae

Crossover & bridge – a short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae

Delta – the point directly in front of the diverging ridges Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae

Core– the center area of a fingerprint/pattern Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae

Trifurcation– a single ridge that divides into three ridges. Ridge Characteristics - Minutiae Cicatrix- a scar

Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints Second Principle A fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual’s lifetime. Fingerprints have been designed by nature to increase grasp and to resist slippage and are formed in the fetal stage of development. Fingerprints are formed by: Hills (Ridges): raised portions of the epidermis Valleys (Grooves): lowered portions of the epidermis IT IS THE RIDGES THAT ARE INKED WHEN FINGERPRINTS ARE TAKEN

How are Fingerprints Formed? The Dermal Papillae is the boundary between the epidermis (outer skin) and the dermis (inner skin). The shape of this boundary is wavy. This wave pattern determines the pattern of the fingerprint and remains unchanged throughout your lifetime. Friction ridges, as they are called, can also be found on your palms, feet, and lips. They are not genetically controlled.

18 Epidermis –Outer layer of the skin Dermis –Inner layer of the skin Dermal papillae –Layer of cells between the epidermis and dermis –Responsible for determining the form and pattern of the ridges on the surface of the skin Anatomy of the Skin

19 Anatomy of the Skin Dermal papillae develop in the human fetus Ridge patterns will remain unchanged throughout life Enlarge during growth Fingerprint remains unchanged during lifetime

Leaving Your Mark Skin ridges have a single row of pores that open from the sweat glands. Perspiration is discharged through the pores and oils from the body collect in the ridges and valleys. Impressions from the fingertips are transferred onto a surface, leaving a fingerprint. –Latent fingerprints are deposited in this manner and cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints Third Principle –Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to systematically classified. –L.A.W.S

LOOP A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta. Types **Depends on which hand you are looking. 22

Loop Vocabulary Ulnar Loop: loop opens toward little finger or the Ulnar bone. Radial Loop: loop opens toward the thumb or the Radius bone. –Type Lines: pattern area of the loop surrounded by two diverging ridges –Delta: the point directly in front of the diverging ridges—loops MUST have at least one delta –Core: the center of pattern

**Photos are from right index print. Ulnar Loop Radial Loop LOOP Types

ARCH 25 An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross/exit to the other side while rising upward in the middle. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores. Types Plain Tented

Plain Arch-Ridges enter, wave or rise and exit smoothly Tented Arch-Ridges in the center thrust upward to give an appearance similar to a tent. Inside angle is smaller than 90 degrees Plain Arch Tented Arch ARCH

WHORL A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. A double loop is made of two loops. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories. Whorls have at least two deltas and a core. Types Plain Central pocket Double loop Accidental

Plain Whorl-One or more ridges form a complete revolution around the center Central Pocket Loop Whorl- Some ridges form a loop pattern which re- curves and surrounds a central whorl Plain Whorl Central Pocket Loop Whorl WHORL

Draw an “imaginary” line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl. Plain Whorl Central Pocket Loop Whorl WHORL

Double Loop - Two separate loops are present, which sometimes surround each other. Sometimes called Double Loop Whorl (ying / yang) Accidental - Any pattern which does not conform to any of the previous patterns Double Loop Accidental

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 31 LOOPARCHWHORL Ulnar – 60% Radial – 5% Plain – 4% Tented – 1% Plain – 20% Other – 10% Frequency of Patterns

Practice Identify these prints and BE SPECIFIC! (These pictures are if you are looking at the print of the right index finger.) 32 Plain Arch Tented Arch Radial Loop Ulnar Loop Plain Whorl Central Pocket Double Loop Accidental Whorl Whorl

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 33 Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points required for a match. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity.

Taking Fingerprints Fingers are rolled in ink left-to- right, careful not to adhere too much ink to the fingertips The fingertips are then rolled left- to-right on a Ten-Print Card in the appropriate place for each finger A straight down print is then taken for each of the four fingers simultaneously and for each thumb and recorded on the Ten-Print Card

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 35 The Automated Fingerprint Identification System - a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints Computer-scans and digitally encodes fingerprints based on minutiae of ridge endings and bifurications List of prints is generated then a fingerprint examiner confirms match ***** Established in the 1970s, AFIS enables law enforcement officials to: Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a crime scene AFIS

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 36 By the 1990s, most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem: A person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS database but not in others. IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, which is a national database of all 10-print cards from all over the country AFIS

Benefits of AFIS Computer can make thousands of accurate fingerprint comparisons in a second Can filter out imperfections in latent prints found at a crime scene Suspect lists are generated faster and investigators can spend more time focusing on suspects

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