UNIT III: 1450-1750

Political Revolutions Why 1450?: “Age of Exploration” 1750?: Political Revolutions

Overall Themes: Decline of Nomads (Rise of sea-based empires) RISE OF EUROPE (exploration, Renaissance) “Absolute” Monarchs Consumerism (mercantilism; joint-stock companies) Coercive Labor (slavery, corvée, indentured servitude) Religious Rivalry (Protestant Reformation)

Big Picture: Afro-Eurasian Network: Silk Roads Indian Ocean Trade Trans-Saharan Trade Trans-Atlantic Trade: “Triangle” of trade “Columbian” Exchange Indian Ocean Hub: Chinese goods Indian goods Arab/European traders

Circa 1300 1. Pop. decline (Black Plague, 1348)…then Pop. growth (2nd Ag. Rev.) 2. Feudalism in Japan & W. Europe 3. Yuan (Mongol) dynasty in China Russia under Golden Horde Mali at height

5. Delhi Sultanate in India (Islamic, decline of Buddhism) Founding of Ottoman Dynasty (1281) Decline of Byzantium

Think about it… What will change… What will continue? What societies are in the best position to take advantage of new technologies & new discoveries?

Ming China (1368-1644)

Chinese Dynasty Song Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han shang, joe, chin, hahn Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song sway, tang, soong Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic yooan, ming, ching, Republic Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao and Deng mou and dang Mao and Deng

Ming China Erased all signs of Mongols Neo-Confucianism (strict social structure) Emperor-scholar-gentry-farmers-artisans-merchants Eunuchs play growing role (Zheng He) Rebuilt Great Wall Became isolationist

MING CHINA Pop. Explosion champa rice production (S.E. Asia) Chinese goods bought in Asia & Europe paper, porcelain, silks Europeans traded in CANTON only traded for silver

Exploration & Decline Ming Decline: The eunuch Zheng He sails: - 7 voyages across Indian Ocean - Then isolationist! Ming Decline: corrupt gov’t, public works fail, foreign threats * Conquered by Manchus

ISOLATIONISM for the next 250 years. Tokugawa Shogunate New capital at Edo (Tokyo) Feudal bureaucracy Rigid social structure (Neo-Confucianism) Began to restrict foreign trade: - banned Christianity & Western books - only Dutch & Chinese could trade at Nagasaki ISOLATIONISM for the next 250 years.

Who really had the power in Japan?

The “Gunpowder” Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, & Mughals

Ottoman Turks (1281-1914) • “Gunpowder” empire (land-based) • Led by Sultan - empire at height under Suleiman the Magnificent - absolute monarch, theocracy • Bureaucracy: Grand Vizier (real power) - “millet” system: religious units for taxing

• Military: Janissary Corps soldiers (kidnapped European Christian boys who used guns)

DECLINE: Sultans neglect power, overexpansion, corruption; Lack of military Westernization!

Mughal Empire: (1526-1739) Akbar the Great: stressed tolerance attempt to unite Hinduism & Islam Sikhism cotton textile trade w/ Europeans DECLINE: Corruption, outdated military, high taxes, religious conflict, foreign invaders

Which of the following was NOT a cause of decline of the Mughal Empire? (A) centralized government returned to local political organizations (B) foreign countries gained increasing influence (C) leaders failed to bridge differences between Hindus and Muslims (D) cost of warfare and defensive efforts to protect northern border drained treasury

Age of Exploration

Portugal: New tech: caravels, astrolabe, compass W.Africa: sugar plantations & African slave trade Indian Ocean trade: spices, cotton, salt Brazil – SUGAR

Spain: Gold, God, & Glory

Spain: L. America Used Incan corvee labor system of “mita” to control indigenous people

Dutch: Dutch East India Company: joint-stock company owned by the crown, funded by private investors S.E. Asia: controlled the Strait of Malaca for spice trade N. America: fur trade; plantations South Africa: way station

England: English Civil War: Cromwell leads Parliament against royal Cavalier army Glorious Revolution: English Bill of Rights (1689) Constitutional Monarchy Enlightenment Ideas American colonies

What characterized European social & economic life between the mid-1400’s & the mid-1700’s? I. Mercantilism as the economic philosophy. II. Population growth slowed during the 1600s. III. The slavery trade decreased. IV. The first companies & stock markets emerged.   (A) I only (B) I and IV (C) I, II, and III (D) II, III, and IV

France Absolute Monarchy - King Louis XIV - “ I am the State”                        Absolute Monarchy - King Louis XIV - “ I am the State” - Palace of Versailles Mercantilism (Jean Baptiste Colbert): economic self-sufficiency; acquire bullion fur-trading (Quebec); sugar (Haiti)

Americas (1450-1750) Population impacts: disease; goods; ethnic small pox “Columbian exchange” “Castas”: Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos, Mulattos Africans, Amerindians & Zambos Encomienda System (indigenous labor in fields)

The Columbian Exchange Slide 17 The Columbian Exchange Americas: turkey, pumpkin, corn or maize, chocolate, tomato, tobacco, potato, chili pepper, peanut, pineapple, beans Afroeurasia: citrus, cotton (varieties) coffee, sugar, tea, wheat, yam, banana, rice, millet, sorghum. Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.

Brazil: biggest slave importer Slide 16 “Middle Passage”: Slavery Brazil: biggest slave importer last to ban slavery Map by Robert Prom Adapted from maps in Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969)

Commodities: Sugar, Silver, & Slaves

Which of the following was NOT a demographic effect on Africans due to the Columbian Exchange? (A) gradual population increase after new crops become established in Africa (B) many Africans became Christianized (C) syncretism of Christianity with indigenous African religions (D) more females were taken as African slaves than males to the Americas

Slaves in exchange for guns, horses, rum African Empires: Slaves in exchange for guns, horses, rum Kingdom of Benin Kongo: King Afonso (wrote letter to Port. King)

E. Africa: Swahili coast (Muslim traders) spices, slaves, ivory, gold from Zimbabwe

Russia Political hierarchy: Czar, Boyars, Cossacks (warriors), serfs Russian Orthodox Church Peter the Great: pro-westernization capital to St. Petersburg shave beards

Changing Beliefs Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther’s 95 Theses; split from Catholicism) Neo-Confucianism (Ming revive Mandate) Missionaries: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

Intellectual Development Scientific Revolution: weakens Church power Enlightenment: “natural” rights & freedoms Renaissance: patronage of the arts

Be able to compare the following: Imperial systems: European monarchies vs. land-based “Gunpowder” empires Coercive labor systems Empire building in Asia, Africa & Europe Russia’s interaction with the west compared to others

Which of the following was more of a social group than an ethnic group in the Americas? (A) Mestizos (B) Africans (C) Peninsulares (D) Mulattos

Which of the following was NOT an accurate description of interactions with the West? China remained relatively isolated allowing limited contacts in selected ports Russia had a mistrust of European ideas and only allowed Enlightened ideas that challenged the autocratic system Japan eventually ordered missionaries to leave and only allowed the Dutch to trade out of Nagasaki Mughal India allowed British access to trading ports, but eventually the British took control of local affairs

Which of the following was NOT a difference between land-based empires and water-based empires? (A) land-based empires were usually ruled by a central administration (B) water-based empires pursued technological advances more due to competition with other nations (C) land-based empires focused more on domestic problems more than territorial expansion abroad (D) water-based empires influenced indigenous people on multiple continents