The 60’s U.S. History 11

Lyndon Johnson 36 th President- from “Great Society” – Similar to Kennedy’s goals and ideas – Civil Rights Act Outlawed discrimination in voting and public places, education, and public accommodations – War on Poverty  Economic Opportunity Act Job Corps, VISTA,

Other Great Society Goals Medicare (medical aid to the elderly) and Medicaid (medical aid to the poor and disabled) 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act – Increased funding for Native American, inner city, and Mexican American schools Water Quality Act (1965) Clean Water Restoration Act (1966) National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966)

Other Great Society Goals Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 – Changing America’s quota system National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities (1965) Overall benefits of “Great Society” Programs – Poverty declined – Infant mortality rates declined – Aid to elderly and poverty stricken – Head Start

60’s Cultural Changes 70 million children from the post- war baby boom became teenagers and young adults Movement away from the conservatives of the fifties continued and eventually resulted in revolutionary ways of thinking and real change No longer content to be images of the generation ahead of them, young people wanted change The changes affected education, values, lifestyles, laws, and entertainment

60’s Art Art of the sixties was influenced by the desire to move into the modern age or future which the space age seemed to forecast Major works by Alexander Calder (mobiles and sculpture) or Helen Frankenthaler (non- representational art) showed a desire to escape from details to interpret Artists wanted to inspire the viewer to leap into the unknown and experience art in their own way A new artist who appeared was Andy Warhol, a leading name in pop art.

60’s Literature Literature also reflected what was happening in the political arenas and social issues Harper Lee's Pulitzer prize winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird - described the turmoil of race relations Gwendolyn Brooks, Maya Angelou and Margaret Walker Alexander helped create new insights on feminism, race and gender Sylvia Plath (The Bell Jar) and Mary McCarthy (The Group) spoke of women in roles outside of the happy wife and mother of the fifties Women like Betty Friedan, author of The Feminine Mystique, and Gloria Steinem, led the way for many women Disillusionment with the system was the theme of books like Catch- 22 and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.

60’s Education College campuses became centers of debate and scenes of protest more than ever before Great numbers of young adults reaching military draft age and not yet voting age caused a struggle James S. Coleman published Equality of Educational Opportunity – landmark study that led the way to forced integration and busing in the 1970s Problems in secondary schools were being addressed – A return to the teaching of basic thinking skills – Phonics made a come back

60’s Education The first teacher allowed to teach pregnant (and showing) in Clear Creek School District – It was the end of 1968

60’s Fads California surfers took to skateboards as a way to stay fit out of season – By 1963, the fad had spread across the country Barbie dolls, introduced by Mattel in 1959, became a huge success – Rival toy manufacturer Hasbro came up with G. I. Joe, the first action figure for boys The troll was a good luck symbol for all ages Slot cars overtook toy trains in popularity

60’s Fashion Crew cuts on men and bouffant hairstyles on women Men's casual shirts were often plaid and buttoned down the front Knee-length dresses were required wear for women in most public places By mid-decade, miniskirts or hot pants, often worn with go-go boots, were revealing legs, body wear was revealing curves, and women's hair was either very short or long and lanky

60’s Fashion Men's hair became longer and wider, with beards and moustaches Men's wear had bright colors, double-breasted sports jackets, polyester pants suits with Nehru jackets, and turtlenecks By the end of the decade, ties were up to 5" wide, patterned even when worn with stripes Women wore peasant skirts or granny dresses and chunky shoes Unisex dressing was popular, featuring bell bottomed jeans, love beads, and embellished t-shirts African Americans of both genders wore their hair in an afro.

60’s Music In 1960, Elvis returned to the music scene from the US Army The Tamla Motown Record Company came on the scene, specializing in black rhythm and blues – Emergence of female groups such as Gladys Knight and the Pips, Martha and the Vandellas, the Supremes, and Aretha Franklin – As well as some black men, including Smokey Robinson, James Brown, Jimi Hendrix, and the Temptations

60’s Music Bob Dylan brought a folk music revival, along with Joan Baez and Peter, Paul & Mary The Beach Boys began recording music that appealed to high-schoolers British Invasion- The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who The Righteous Brothers were a popular white duo who used African American styling to create a distinctive sound.

60’s Music There was a major change in popular music in the mid-1960's, caused in part by the drug scene Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead grew out of the counterculture in 1967 Woodstock a three day music festival that drew 400,000 hippies and featured peace, love, and happiness...and drugs By the end of the decade, popular music was also using synthesizers and other electronic devices.

60’s Theater By 1960, Broadway productions had become too expensive for average families – Producers resorted to musicals and works proven elsewhere Even Off-Broadway was feeling the economic pinch leading to the advent of off-off-Broadway, where innovative shows and new writers could get a start By 1966, for the first time, more actors were employed outside New York City than in it It was a great decade for musicals, including Camelot, Hello Dolly, Oliver, Man of La Mancha, Hair, and Funny Girl

60’s Film After Marilyn Monroe died, Audrey Hepburn was the idol of young girls Disney offered more family entertainment in 101 Dalmatians and Pinocchio Movies became more political, commenting on the arms race as in Dr. Strangelove Sex became more explicit as in Midnight Cowboy, Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice, and The Graduate

60’s Film Six James Bond Movies, including Dr. No, From Russia With Love, and Goldfinger, combined sex and violence and were enormously popular Previous taboos on sex, violence and language, were ignored, resulting in the need for a new film code by the MPAA The film review board is replaced by the new rating system (what we use today)

60’s TV Prime time cartoon show, the Flintstones – It appealed to both children and adults and set off a trend that included Alvin & the Chipmunks, the Jetsons, and Mr. Magoo Andy Griffith Show, Beverly Hillbillies, Bewitched, The Addams Family, My Favorite Martian, I Dream of Jeannie, Star Trek

60’s Sports Baseball- Willie Mays, Roberto Clemente, Sandy Koufax, and Bob Gibson Football- Abner Haynes, Jim Nance, and Joe Namath Basketball- Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, Elvin Hayes and Elgin Baylor Arthur Ashe- the first black man to win the U.S. Tennis Championship title in 1968 Arnold Palmer dominated golf Boxing- Muhammad Ali

60’s Technology and Events Birth Control Pill Abortion and artificial insemination legalized Prayer in school is unconstitutional Surgeon general declares smoking a health hazard The first clone of a vertebrate, a South African tree frog Dr. Denton Cooley implanted the first artificial heart in a human – It kept the patient alive for three days until a human heart could be transplanted

60’s Technology and Events Civil Rights Movement – Equal rights for African Americans, Latin Americans, Native Americans, and women Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Assassinations of JFK, Malcolm X, MLK Jr., RFK, Medgar Evers, Che Guevara First men and women in space and moon landings Term “blacks” is a more socially accepted term, replacing “negro”

60’s Technology and Events Nelson Mandela sentenced to life in prison Los Angeles Riots Black Panther Party established Mass Draft Protests Thurgood Marshall Becomes the First African- American U.S. Supreme Court Justice First Super Bowl Tet Offensive Zodiac serial killer Mai Lai Massacre

60’s Technology and Events ARPANET, the Precursor of the Internet, Created Manson Family Murders Woodstock