Population Studies: Migration Higher Geography Population Studies: Migration

Key Terms Migration is ‘a movement’ of people from one home to another. It can be applied to temporary changes, including seasonal and daily movements. Emigrant is people who leave a country Immigrant are newcomers to a country The migration balance is the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants

External (international) Types of Migration Permanent External (international) Internal Voluntary Forced Rural Urban Regional African slaves to USA UK conurbations NW to SE UK West Indies to UK LEDCs

Types of Migration (continued) Semi-Permanent Seasonal Daily Several months/years Several years Commuters Migrants workers in France/Germany Harvest/holidays/uni students SE England

International Migration (Voluntary) People looking for an improved quality of life and personal freedom Employment (e.g. higher salaries, better job) Trade and economic expansion Better climate Better social amenities (e.g. hospitals, schools) To be with friends and relatives

International Migration (Forced) There is no personal choice but to move due to natural disaster or to economic or social imposition Religious and/or political persecution Wars (refugees) Forced labour (e.g. slaves or POW) Racial discrimination Lack of food due to famine Natural disasters Overpopulation

Barriers To Voluntary Migration: Lack of money Lack of awareness of opportunities Lack of skills Government restrictions To returning to Area of Origin: Insufficient funds Lower standard of living Racial or political problems

Consequences: for the Migrant May find better employment May have a better standard of living Stressful May not speak the language May find gaining employment difficult Away from family and friends and may feel lonely and isolated

Consequences: for the Area of Origin Less pressure on services and resources May send money back from host area Lack of workers (age 20-35) may lead to economic slump Very few children born Increasing elderly population Creates ghost towns Nobody to do manual work

Consequences: for Host country Plentiful supply of key workers Increase number of children born (stop underpopulation) May bring new skills May depress local wages Strain on local services Competition for employment Racial tension