Ch. 6 Sec. 1 The Age of Invention

Industrial Revolution Pre-test What is the Industrial Revolution? Significant change in technology, industry, and manufacturing In what time period did it occur? 1700s – 1900s In what country did it begin? Great Britain, but quickly spread to USA

Industrial Innovations 1865-1905 Second Industrial Revolution begins Marked by the invention of steel What began the 1st Industrial Revolution? - Coal and Steam Engines

Steel Bessemer Process created a cheaper, faster, more effective way to produce steel Invented by Henry Bessemer Where are the major steel centers in the US? - Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Gary IN

Oil Discovered in 1859 by Edwin Drake in Titusville PA Oil Boom began in Ohio, PA, and WV looking for “Black Gold” Spread to TX in 1901 Elijah McCoy patented a lubricating cup feeding oil to machines to help them run better

Transportation 1. Railroads 1869 – 1st Transcontinental Railroad Completed Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR’s joined Bessemer Process had a significant impact on railroad industry Benefits of Railroads Increased settlement in west Urbanization Jobs Industrial Growth

Automobile Horseless carriage created, leading to creation of car Limited in use b/c too expensive Airplanes Orville and Wilbur Wright (Wright Brothers) of Dayton, OH made 1st piloted flight in Kitty Hawk, NC

Communications Telegraph Telephone Typewriter Created by Samuel Morse in 1837 Communicate over wires = Morse Code Telephone Alexander Graham Bell – 1837 Typewriter Christopher Sholes – 1867 Created jobs for women How do these inventions affect our lives today?

Edison and Menlo Park Edison and his partners at Menlo Park were responsible for the creation of many useful inventions such as : Telegraph that could send 4 messages at one time Phonographs Motion-picture cameras Lightbulb (Lewis Latimer) Electric Power Plant Electricity in homes, electric streetcars, street lights

Ch. 6 Sec. 2 Rise of Big Business

Capitalism US economic system Individuals control the factors of production, meaning: Private businesses run industries Competition controls price Businesses determine wages Laissez-faire capitalism – no government intervention; businesses free to do as they choose Capitalism is also known as free enterprise or market economy

Critics of Capitalism Karl Marx and his followers believed that capitalism was harmful to society and the working class Wanted to create a political system that removed inequalities of wealth known as Marxism or Communism Communism – government controls factors of production Property and means of production are owned by everyone in the community Community provides for everyone equally Goal: Create a classless society

Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer “survival of the fittest” Only the strongest people, businesses, and nations would rise to wealth and power

Corporations Large businesses funded by shareholders Many corporations formed trusts and monopolies to gain more control over the market Carnegie Steel Vertical Integration – acquired companies that provided the materials and services that his business depended on Ex: He owned the coal and iron mines that provided materials to make his steel, and bought the railroads and steamship lines used to transport the goods. This allowed him to cut costs and make a bigger profit by controlling every step in the manufacturing process. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company One of the first trusts in the US Used both vertical and horizontal integration Horizontal Integration – one company controls the other companies producing the same product

Railroad Giant George Pullman Manufactured railroad cars that made long-distance travel more comfortable creating a massive passenger-railroad-car industry Created company towns, or planned communities for his workers Hoped it would encourage educated, healthy, peaceful workers He controlled daily life making many people miserable

Mass Marketing Companies developed new ways of persuading consumers to purchase their products: Brand names, bright packaging, logos, advertisements, and slogans Department stores opened allowing people to buy a variety of products under one roof Targeted women as both employees and customers

Labor Strives to Organize Ch. 6 Sec. 3 Labor Strives to Organize

Government and Business US govt. policies benefited businesses, NOT workers Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) passed – outlawed monopolies and trusts that restrained trade Failed to define a monopoly, so hard to enforce law = ineffective

New Working Class Immigrants Rural Americans moving to the cities African Americans Moved from South to find better jobs and escape discrimination Still subjected to discrimination b/c most jobs went to native-born whites over immigrants or African Americans Usually had most dangerous, dirtiest jobs

Women and Children Women worked b/c families needed the income # of female workers doubled between 1870 and 1890 By 1890 about 20% of children between 10 and 15 worked to make $$$ for their families Worked in: Textile mills – 1 in 4 workers were younger than 16 Garment factories Canneries Mines Shoe factories

Working Conditions Long Hours - 12 hours/day Low wages – pennies a day Child labor Unskilled workers made less than skilled workers Dangerous working conditions – injuries on the job with no compensation Company towns

Labor Unions Knights of Labor (K of L) Fought For: Expanded under Terence V. Powderly Attracted workers who were often excluded from other unions Immigrants, Women, African Americans, unskilled workers, skilled workers, but NOT Chinese Fought For: Temperance 8 hr. workday Equal pay for equal work End to child labor Large union – 700,000 members

Great Upheaval & Haymarket Riot Great Upheaval began in 1877 when railroad workers went on strike b/c of a pay cut Pres. Hayes ordered federal troops to protect the railroad, angering workers and leading to strikes in 14 states Haymarket Riot began in 1886 when 40,000 Chicago workers went on strike against McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. for an 8-hour workday Became a violent confrontation between strikers and police 60 police wounded, seven police officers and one civilian dead Police arrested 8 anarchists and four were hanged

Haymarket Riot May 1, 1886 40,000 workers in Chicago went on strike for an 8 hr. workday Anarchists took over the strike, and it spun out of control May 3, 1886 there was a police confrontation and 2 people were killed Strikers continued to protest peacefully, but when police showed up a bomb exploded and shots were fired 60 policemen injured, 7 police killed, 1 civilian dead 8 anarchists convicted and charged with conspiracy – 4 hanged

Unions American Federation of Labor (AFL) Samuel Gompers 1886 Helped skilled workers As a result of the Haymarket Riots, unskilled workers were forced out of unions Businesses put them on blacklists Forced to sign yellow-dog contracts where they promised they would not be part of a union

Pullman Strikes May 1894- Pullman sleeping-car factory workers went on strike b/c of wage cuts and refusal to lower rent or prices in company town Eugene V. Debs led American Railway Union (ARU) refusing to work or ride on trains with Pullman cars Result: RR traffic stopped in Midwest and lost a lot of money Asked govt. for help to end strike – govt. sided with businesses and strikers lost