Human Body Systems

Respiratory System l Function: l Breathing brings air into the lungs and removes waste gases l Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose to carbon dioxide, water and energy

Respiratory system l Upper and Lower respiratory tracts

Fact l The surface area of the aveoli in your lungs 70 square meters, or about the same as three lanes of a bowling alley.

Diseases of respiratory system l Lung Cancer -3rd leading cause of death in men and women in the U.S. l Emphysema ( causes aveoli to enlarge) l Asthma (lung disorder)

Cardiovascular System l Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart. l Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood through the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart. l Oxygen rich blood is moved to all tissues and organs of the body and is called systemic circulation.

Organs of the circulatory system l Heart l Veins l Arteries l Capillaries

Heart l Made of cardiac muscle tissue l Has 4 compartments called chambers: two upper are atriums, two lower are ventricles. l Heart has arteries just and veins just like any other muscle

Fact l Your heart beats times per minute. Each time it pumps 60 mL of blood. How many mL’s in 24 hours. l mL’s or l 5184 liter bottles.

Heart l When these arteries are blocked, it starves the heart of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in a heart attack

Veins l Veins carry blood back to the heart. l Veins have valves l 2 major veins carry return blood from your body to your heart: the superior vena cava returns blood from your head and the inferior vena cava from your lower body

Arteries l Carry blood away from your heart l Have thick, elastic walls made of tissue and smooth muscle

Capillaries l Microscopic blood vessels. l Walls are only one cell thick l Bloodshot eyes l Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from body cells into capillaries

Blood pressure l The force of the blood against the walls of your blood vessels. l Measured in two numbers: l Systolic is the first number and measures your heart pumping. l Diastolic is the second number and measures pressure that occurs as the ventricles fill with blood before they contract again.

Atherosclerosis l Fatty deposits build up on arterial walls. Eating fatty foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats can cause these deposits to form. l Not all cholesterol is bad, and is essential for health.

Blood l Carries oxygen from lungs to body l Takes carbon dioxide away l Carries waste products to kidneys l Transports nutrients l Cells in blood fight infections

Blood l Made up of plasma (55%), mostly water. l Platelets ;help with clotting l Red blood cells: made at rate of 2-3 million per second. l White: help fight bacteria, viruses, etc

Blood Types Blood Types l 4 types l A, B, AB, O l Types A, B, AB have antigens coating their surface. Rh factor l Wrong type of blood will kill you l Type “O” is universal

Diseases of the Blood l Sickle-cell anemia l Anemia is a disease of the red blood cells l Leukemia produces immature white blood cells that don’t fight infections

Fact l First blood transfusion was in early 1800”s. l French physician Jean Baptiste Denis successfully used sheep’s blood. His second patient died.

Excretory System l Includes many systems such as digestive, respiratory, skin and urinary system. l Each gets rid of waste in its own way.

Digestive System l Food and liquid in l Water and undigested food out

Respiratory System l Part of excretory system l Oxygen in l Carbon dioxide and water out.

Skin l Part of excretory system l Salt and some organic substances out

Urinary System l Water and salts in l Excess water, metabolic wastes and salts out. l Controls blood volume ( blood pressure) l Works in conjunction with hypothalmus to balance fluid levels in blood

Organs of Urinary System l Kidneys are bean shaped organs l Located at back of abdomen waist level l Kidney filters blood of waste products, creates waste product called urine

Kidneys l All of your blood is filtered through your kidneys in about 5 minutes. l Connected to bladder through two ducts called ureters l Drains urine into your bladder

Bladder l Bladder is where urine is held until you release it. l Bladder is an elastic, muscular organ that can stretch to hold.5 liter of urine. l Avg. human 1 liter of urine daily

Diseases of the Urinary System l A person can live normally with one kidney l If both kidneys fail, a person must use a dialysis machine to filter wastes out of the blood; or else you would die.

Skeletal System l Skeletal system l Function: l Shape and support l Produces red blood cells l Stores minerals l Protect organs and soft tissue l At birth you 300 bones l As an adult 206 bones

Muscular System l Over 600 muscles in your body l Control movement l Voluntary muscles: you choose to move them l Involuntary: heart

Muscles l 3 types l Skeletal: attached to bones to help you move l Cardiac: heart l Smooth: intestines, bladder, blood vessels, internal organs

Nervous System l Responds to stimuli to maintain homeostasis l Central nervous is your brain and spinal cord. l Peripheral nervous system is all the nerves other than the CNS

Brain l Three main parts: l Cerebrum l Cerebellum l Brain stem l You also have a left and right half

Brain l Your brain 100 billion neurons l Cerebrum: interprets input from senses l Controls movement l Responsible for learning and memory

Brain l Cerebellum l Responsible for coordinating your muscles and balance l Keeps you from falling down when you walk

Brain l Brain stem l Controls involuntary actions such as breathing and heartbeat

Endocrine System l Endocrine system produces chemicals that control many of the body’s daily activities as well as long term changes such as growth and development

Endocrine l Endocrine system made up of glands l Glands produce hormones l Hormones are chemicals that turn off, turn on or speed up, slow down the activities of organs and tissues

Endocrine l Each gland produces a different hormone responsible for a different task. Adrenal glands produce adrenaline l Testes produce testosterone l Ovaries produce estrogen

Immune System l Body has 3 lines of defense: skin, breathing passages, mouth and stomach. l Pathogens land on skin and most are destroyed by chemicals in oil and sweat.

Immune l Pathogens get through skin usually only when there is break in skin: a scab quickly forms to protect pathway.

Immune l Breathing: pathogens enter but are trapped and destroyed by mucus layer. Cilia in nose move accumulated material out.

Immune l Pathogens found in food are destroyed first by saliva, and then by powerful acids in stomach

“T” Cells & “B”Cells l T- cells identify pathogens by identifying a chemical marker on the pathogen called an antigen l Some T cells attack pathogen; others activate B cells.

Immune l B-cells are called lymphocytes and produce proteins called antibodies. When antibodies bind to the antigens on a pathogen, they mark it for destruction by phagocytes.

Reproductive System l Sexual reproduction involves the production of eggs by the female and sperm by the male, which join together during fertilization. l Each sex cell (egg or sperm) contains half (23) of the chromosomes required. (46 for humans)

Male Reproductive System l Parts and pieces: l Testes, scrotum, and penis l Testes - produce sperm; also produce the hormone, testosterone. l Scrotum: external pouch that hold testes l Penis: external organ

Female reproductive system l Role is to produce eggs and if fertilized, nourish young until birth. l Parts and pieces: ovaries, uterus and vagina l Ovaries produce eggs l Uterus: hollow muscular organ the size of a pear l Vagina: muscular passageway; birth canal