INTRODUCTION TO A&P FALL 2012

Bios- life Cardium- heart Dorsum- back Homeo- unchanging -logy- study of Median- situated in the middle Paries-wall Pathos- disease Peri- around Pronus- inclined forward Stupinus- lying on the back Venter- belly or abdomen VOCAB DEVELOPMENT

COMMON FUNCTIONS OF ALL LIVING THINGS… 1.responsiveness 1.irritability- organisms respond to environmental changes immediately 2.adaptability- long term adjustments 2.growth 3.reproduction 4.movement 1.internal 2.external 5.metabolism 1.provides energy required for the four things listed above 2.refers to all of the chemical operations under way in the body

ANATOMY Anatomy- study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts divided into: gross anatomy microscopic anatomy

GROSS ANATOMY (MACROSCOPIC) - visible with the unaided eye surface anatomy- study of general form & superficial markings regional anatomy- all of the superficial & internal features in a specific region of the body (head, neck, torso) systemic anatomy- structure of major organ systems

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY cannot be seen without magnification specialties cytology- analyzes the internal structure of individual cells histology- examination of tissues tissues- groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function organs- tissues combined to perform specific function(s)

PHYSIOLOGY physiology- study of the function of anatomical structures human physiology cell physiology- study of the functions of living cells special physiology- physiology of specific organs systemic physiology- physiology of all aspects of the function of specific organ systems pathological physiology (pathology)- study of the effect of diseases on organ or system functions  All physiological functions are performed by anatomical structures.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 6 levels of organization within the human body Chemical Atoms- smallest stable unit of matter Atoms combine to form molecules Cellular Different molecules can interact to form a larger structures Tissue Similar cells working together to perform a specific function Organ Two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions Organ system Organs interact Organism All of the organ systems of the body work together

ORGAN SYSTEMS The human body consists of 11 organ systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphoid Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Cutaneous membrane Epidermis Dermis Hair follicles Hairs Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Nails Sensory receptors Subcutaneous layer

SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones, cartilages and joints Axial skeleton Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, cartilages, & ligaments Appendicular skeleton Limbs & supporting bones & ligaments Bone marrow

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Skeletal muscles (700) Axial muscles Appendicular muscles Tendons

NERVOUS SYSTEM Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system

Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus Adrenal glands Kidneys Pancreas Gonads Testes Ovaries ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Heart Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins Blood

LYMPHOID SYSTEM Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs alveoli

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Salivary glands Pharynx Esophogus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine

URINARY SYSTEM Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Testes Accessory organs Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Urethra External genitalia Penis Scrotum

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina External genitalia Clitoris Labia Mammary glands

HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis is the tendency toward internal balance. All cells in the body are in contact with blood or some other body fluid, and any change in the composition of the fluid will affect them. Homeostatic regulation- the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis

HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION Homeostatic regulation usually involves; A receptor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change (stimulus) A control center (integration center) that receives and processes information from the receptor An effector that responds to the commands of the control center Its activity opposes or reinforces that stimulus When homeostatic regulation fails, organ systems begin to malfunction

NEGATIVE & POSITIVE FEEDBACK Negative feedback opposes variation to normal Positive feedback exaggerates variation to normal

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body involve negative feedback

POSITIVE FEEDBACK The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus Positive feedback loops are involved in the regulation of a potentially dangerous or stressful process that has to be completed quickly Ex: hypothermia Ex: severe cut

ANATOMICAL TERMS Anatomical terms describe: Body regions Anatomical positions & directions Body sections

ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS Anatomical position- hands at the sides with palms facing forward & feet together Supine- lying down face up in anatomical position Prone- lying down face down in anatomical position

ANATOMICAL REGIONS 4 abdominopelvic quadrants Right upper (RUQ) Right lower (RLQ) Left upper (LUQ) Left lower (LLQ) ***these are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the belly button

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS 9 abdominopelvic regions Right hypochondriac Epigastric (liver, stomach) Left hypochondriac (spleen) Right lumbar Umbilical (large intestine, small intestine, gall bladder) Left lumbar Hypogastric (urinary bladder, appendix) Right inguinal Left inguinal

DIRECTIONAL TERMS Anterior- front; before Ventral- belly side Posterior- back; behind Dorsal- back Cranial or cephalic- head Superior- above; at a higher level Caudal- tail Inferior- below; at a lower level

DIRECTIONAL TERMS CONT… Medial- toward the body’s longitudinal axis Lateral- away from the body’s longitudinal axis Proximal- toward an attached base Distal- away from an attached base Superficial- at, near, or relatively close to the body surface Deep- farther from the body surface

SECTION PLANES: TRANSVERSE PLANE Lies at right angles to the long axis of the body Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

SECTIONAL PLANES: FRONTAL PLANE Aka coronal plane Runs along the long axis of the body Extends laterally Divides body into anterior and posterior positions

SAGITTAL PLANE Runs along the long axis of the body Extends anteriorly and posteriorly Divides the body into left and right portions

BODY CAVITIES Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape. 2 essential functions 1. protect delicate organs from accidental shocks and cushion them from the jolting that occurs when we walk, jump, or run 2. permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY Contains the organs of the following systems; Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive Subdivided into: Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic