Introduction to Course and Nervous System NEU257 Mammalian Neuroanatomy 1/6/11

Introductions Structure of the course Course website Class structure Textbook Examinations Goals of course Two faces of neuroanatomy Anatomy as organizational framework Anatomy as experimental discipline

Class structure No required text, but required reading! Read relevant chapters before you come to class Combination of lecture and laboratory More you read, more laboratory you get! Class will be here unless otherwise noted Lectures will be available as Powerpoint before class Lecturers: Please copy your presentation to Flash drive

Examinations Practical Midterm and Final Teaching aid Based on slides (Powerpoint) of brain regions No black boxes Material from lecture, laboratory and textbook fair game Midterm and Final

Useful web sites Listed on your syllabus Digital anatomist Brainmaps.org Neuroscience Information Framework Neurolex Brain Info

Gross anatomy of the nervous system

Adult mammalian neuroanatomy

Organization of the Nervous System CNS (neural plate) Brain Spinal cord PNS (neural crest) Somatic Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Gut motility and secretion “gross anatomical convenience”-Swanson

Directions Medial Lateral Lateral Proximal Distal Distal Ipsilateral Relative to midline Ipsilateral Contralateral

Planes of Section Cardinal planes vs oblique planes http://aids.hallym.ac.kr/d/kns/tutor/r1-7-3.jpg Cardinal planes vs oblique planes

Quadruped vs Biped Transverse-Horizontal Frontal-coronal “For almost all vertebrates, including almost all bipeds, these axes all provide a consistent reference for anatomical positions across species—with the inferior/superior axis being roughly the same as the dorsal/ventral axis, and therefore redundant. Humans, however, have the rare property of having a torso oriented perpendicular to their direction of forward motion—while their head orientation remains consistent with other vertebrates on this axis. This makes the dorsal/ventral axis on humans redundant with the anterior/posterior axis, and the inferior/superior axis necessary. Because of this difference with humans, the anterior/posterior and inferior/superior axes are inconsistent between humans and other vertebrates in torso anatomy but consistent in head anatomy. “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location http://www.lrn.org/Graphics/Figure1.4.gif Transverse-Horizontal Frontal-coronal Dorsal-ventral/anterior posterior/superior-inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Planes_of_Section.JPG

Development of the Nervous System

Divisions of the Brain Embryonic vesicles form the fundamental regional brain divisions in the adult

Alar vs Basal Plates

Sylvian Fissure Gyri and sulci

Dividing up the brain Terms: White matter vs gray matter Cortex vs Subcortical nuclei Nuclei vs Ganglia Columns: elongated nuclei Laminar (layered) structure

Nissl vs Myelin Stain

Callosum (L): hard, tough Corpus Callosum Commissure vs decussation

More white matter terms Tract: common origin and destination Fasciculus, funiculus, peduncle or brachium: distinct collection of nerve fibers (may contain many tracts) Lemiscus: Ascending fibers in the brainstem

Brain is divided into “regional parts” based on: Gross appearance: e.g., gray matter vs white matter Landmarks, e.g., sulci Histology Cytoarchitecture Chemoarchitecture Projection patterns Functional considerations

General Functions Associated with each Lobe Somatosensory Motor P F O T Vision Audition Structure-function relationships

Sulci form useful landmarks to delineate different functional areas

Cerebral Blood Supply

The Ventricles

Cerebral ventricles Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle

Ventricular system in mid-sagittal section

Useful guides for identification

Meninges Pachymeninges=dura mater Leptomeninges = Arachnoid + pia mater

Sinuses

Cerebrospinal Fluid

CSF 125 ml in adult human 500 ml/24 hr period Produced by choroid plexus, principally in the lateral ventricles Forms “water cushion” for brain Bathes neural tissue, extending into perivascular spaces

Flow of CSF

Hydrocephalus

Other Useful Websites http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neuroroot.html Greek and Latin roots of neuroscience (especially neuroanatomy) words