IS482 Chapter 7 Mobile Commerce and Pervasive Computing

Mobile Commerce Mobile commerce (m-commerce, m-business): Any e-commerce done in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet

Mobile Commerce Generations 1G: The first generation of wireless technology, which was analog based 2G: The second generation of digital wireless technology; accommodates mainly text 2.5G: Interim wireless technology that can accommodate limited graphics 3G: The third generation of digital wireless technology; supports rich media such as video clips 4G: The expected next generation of wireless technology

Mobile Commerce (cont.) Short Message Service (SMS): Technology that allows for sending of short text messages on some cell phones Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS): An extension of SMS capable of simple animation, tiny pictures, and short tunes Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS): The next generation of wireless messaging; will be able to deliver rich media

Twelve applications of m-commerce Mobile financial applications (B2C, B2B) Mobile advertising (B2C) Mobile inventory management (B2C, B2B) Proactive service management (B2C, B2B) Product locating and shopping (B2C, B2B) Wireless reengineering (B2C, B2B) Mobile auction or reverse auction (B2C) Mobile entertainment services (B2C) Mobile office (B2C) Mobile distance education (B2C) Wireless data center (B2C, B2B) Mobile music/music-on-demand (B2C)

Mobile Commerce: Attributes and Benefits Specific attributes of m-commerce Mobility Broad reach Benefits of value-added attributes Ubiquity (everywhere, very common) Convenience Instant connectivity Personalization Localization of products and services

Drivers of M-Commerce Widespread availability of devices No need for a PC The handset culture Vendors’ push Improvement of bandwidth

M-Computing Infrastructure M-commerce hardware Cellular (mobile) phones Attachable keyboard PDAs Interactive pagers Screenphones A telephone equipped with a color screen, possibly a keyboard, e-mail, and Internet capabilities E-mail handhelds

M-Computing Infrastructure Required infrastructure hardware Suitably configured wireline or wireless WAN modem, wireless LAN adapter, or wireless MAN (metro-area network) adapter A Web server with wireless support, a WAP gateway, a communications server, and/or a mobile communications server switch (MCSS)

M-Computing Infrastructure An application or database server with application logic and a business application database providing e-commerce functionality A GPS(Global Positioning System) locator that is used to determine the location of the person carrying the mobile computing device

M-Computing Infrastructure Software Microbrowsers Wireless software designed with limited bandwidth and limited memory requirements Mobile-client operating system Bluetooth Chip technology that enables voice and data communications between many wireless devices through low-power, short-range, digital two-way radio frequencies Mobile application user interface Back-end legacy application software

M-Computing Infrastructure Application middleware Wireless middleware Wireless Application Protocol A set of communications protocols designed to enable different kinds of wireless devices to talk to a server installed on a mobile network so users can access the Internet

M-Computing Infrastructure Wireless Markup Language Scripting language used for creating content in the wireless Web environment; based on XML, minus unnecessary content to increase speed Voice XML An extension of XML designed to accommodate voice

M-Computing Infrastructure (cont.)

M-Computing Infrastructure Wireless LAN (WLAN): LAN without the cables; used to transmit and receive data over the airwaves Wireless access point: An antenna connecting a mobile device (laptop or PDA) to a wired LAN

M-Computing Infrastructure

M-Computing Infrastructure Voice systems for m-commerce Hand- and eyes-free operations Disabled people can use voice commands Voice terminals are designed for portability Voice terminals are more rugged than keyboards Communication is about two-and-a-half times faster talking than typing Speaking results in fewer data entry errors

M-Computing Infrastructure Interactive voice response (IVR): A computer voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and change data through regular telephone lines or through 1G cell phones Voice portal: A Web site with an audio interface that can be accessed through a telephone call

M-commerce Security Issues Physical security a stolen device can provide the thief with valuable data and digital credentials Transactional issues transactions are routed over a public network Post-transaction issues some method of proving that a particular transaction has occurred

Mobile Financial Applications Mobile banking A large percentage of banks offer mobile access to financial and account information Surveys indicate there is strong latent demand for these offerings that is waiting for the technology and transmission speeds to improve

Mobile Financial Applications Wireless electronic payment systems Wireless payment systems transform mobile phones into secure, self-contained purchasing tools capable of instantly authorizing payments over the cellular network for goods and services

Mobile Financial Applications Micropayments: Electronic payments for small-purchase amounts (generally less than $10) Wide-ranging applications, such as making payments to parking garages, restaurants, grocery stores, and public utilities Success depends on the costs of the transactions

Mobile Financial Applications M-wallet (mobile wallet): A wireless wallet that enables cardholders to make purchases with a single click from their wireless device Bill payments A number of companies are now providing their customers with the option of paying their bills directly from a cell phone

Mobile Shopping Shopping from wireless devices Wireless shoppers are supported by services similar to those available for wireline shoppers Cell phone users also can participate in online auctions (eBay and Amazon.com)

Mobile Advertising Targeted advertising Knowing the current location of mobile users (using GPS) and their preferences or surfing habits, marketers can send user-specific advertising messages

Mobile Consumer and Personal Service Applications Hotels Hotels now offer their guests in-room, high-speed Internet connections A small number of hotels are testing the use of this technology for check-in and check-out, for making purchases from hotel vending machines and stores, for tracking loyalty points

Mobile Consumer and Personal Service Applications Wireless telemedicine The storage and forwarding of digital images from one location to another Videoconferencing used for real-time consultation with a patient in one location and a medical specialist in another

Location-Based Commerce Location-based commerce (L-commerce): M-commerce transactions targeted to individuals in specific locations, at specific times L-commerce offers: Safety Convenience Productivity

Location-Based Commerce L-commerce basic services revolve around five key areas: Location Navigation Tracking Mapping Timing

Location-Based Commerce Necessary location-based and network technologies: Position-determining equipment (PDE) Mobile positioning center (MPC) Location-based technology Geographic content Location-specific content

Location-Based Commerce Global positioning system (GPS): A wireless system that uses satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on the earth GPS handsets can be: stand-alone units plugged into a mobile device or completely embedded in one

Location-Based Commerce Geographical information system (GIS): System that integrates GSP data onto digitized map displays Wireless 911 (e-911): Calls from cellular phones to providers of emergency services

Location-Based Commerce

Location-Based Commerce Automatic crash notification (ACN): Device that automatically sends the police the location of a vehicle that has been involved in a crash Telematics: The integration of computers and wireless communications to improve information flow using the principles of telemetry

Location-Based Commerce Barriers to L-commerce Accuracy The cost-benefit justification The bandwidth of GSM networks Invasion of privacy

Pervasive Computing Pervasive computing: Invisible, everywhere computing that is embedded in the objects around us Also know as: ubiquitous computing embedded computing augmented computing

Pervasive Computing Properties of pervasive computing Invisible devices Embedded microchips Always on Ubiquitous network Life-enhancing applications Consumer-centric solutions Increasing productivity Long-term vision

Pervasive Computing Technical foundation of pervasive computing Everyday objects have to contain embedded microprocessors A ubiquitous network is needed to connect these microprocessors The microprocessors must be able to communicate with the ubiquitous network

Pervasive Computing: Applications Smart homes—home automation systems support: Lighting Energy management Water control Home security and communications Home theater

Pervasive Computing: Applications Smart appliances Internet-ready appliance that can be controlled by a small handheld device or desktop computer via a home intranet or the public Internet Home Alliance (internethomealliance.com)

Pervasive Computing: Applications A networked appliance could provide a manufacturer and the owner with information that could be used for: Capturing or reporting on the operation, performance, and usage of a device Diagnostic purposes—monitoring, troubleshooting, repairing, or maintaining the device

Pervasive Computing: Applications Improving the performance or features of a device Controlling and coordinating devices into a sequenced pattern of behavior Profiling and behavior tracking of a device Monitoring consumption Tracking and optimizing the service support system

Pervasive Computing: Applications Smart cars—increased use of automobile microprocessors sophisticated engine controls to meet emissions and fuel-economy standards advanced diagnostics; simplification of the manufacture and design of cars reduction of the amount of wiring in cars new safety features new comfort and convenience features

Pervasive Computing: Applications Growing trend is connecting car microprocessors to mobile networks for support services including: Emergency assistance Driving directions E-mail

Pervasive Computing: Applications Services provided by OnStar (onstar.com) include: Air Bag Deployment Notification Voice-activated nationwide wireless calling service Emergency services and roadside assistance Route Support Stolen Vehicle Tracking Remote Door Unlock Remote Diagnostics