Organic Chem: Biochemistry
Biochemistry Study of chem of living organisms Most: large, complex molecules complex molecules: biopolymers smaller, simpler units: monomers 4 main classes: 1.lipids 2.Proteins 3.Carbohydrates 4.nucleic acids 2
Lipids Fatty acids, fats, oils, phospholipids, glycolipids, some vitamins, steroids, and waxes 3
Structural part of cell membrane Long-term energy storage Insulation & shock absorbing
Carbohydrates: it’s all in the name! -ose: fructose, glucose, maltose, lactose, galactose, sucrose, etc.
An aldehyde sugar = aldose 6 C sugar = hexose What other functional groups do you see?
A ketone sugar = ketose 6 C sugar = hexose Structural isomer
Which atoms could be chiral? Reminder: 4 diff groups on a central C
Aldehyde double bond breaks and O atom transfers over H. O then can form 2 single bonds to hold the ring Intramolecular Reaction of Glucose to Form a Ring
Condensation Rxtn
Hydrolysis:
Proteins: the main molecule of living tissue
All 20 aa’s are chiral except for Glycine. Amino acids link together in condensation reactions to form polymers.
Zwitterion
Condensation rxtn Forms C to N peptide bond
20 1 = 20 amino acids 20 2 = 400 dipeptides
20 3 = 8000 tripeptide = 1.3 x
Oligopeptide = short to medium-length aa chain (5 to100 aa’s) fuzzy borders Polypeptide = over 100 aa’s in the chain
thiol A thiol (same family as O) Can form disulfide bonds
Strong covalent bonds
Weak, but plentiful H bonds e.g. wool
Not as stretchy: e.g. silk
Proteins play many roles in cells: structural (e.g. collagen in connective tissue) movement (e.g. actin & myosin in muscles) transport (e.g. hemoglobin, LDL, HDL) catalysis (e.g. wide variety of enzymes) regulation (e.g. hormones such as insulin)
Nucleic acids: energy and genetics
BASE vs. NUCLEOSIDE (base + sugar) vs. NUCLEOTIDE (base + sugar + phosphate)
RNA’s base
DNA vs RNA structure
Composed of nucleotide monomers: A 5 C sugar, a phosphate, and nitrogenous bases:
Watson & Crick back in the 1950’s Modern genetic engineering Rosalind Franklin
DNA RNA proteins