Chapter 19 and GHW#9 Questions Lipids

A wide variety of naturally occurring organic compounds classified together on the basis of common solubility properties: insolubility in water insoluble in water Lipids include a)Waxes: Esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols b)Triglycerides: Fatty acid esters of glycerol c)Phospholipids: Fatty acid and phosphate esters of glycerol d)Prostaglandins: structures based on Eicosanoids e)Glycolipids: structures based on Spingosine f)cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile acids g)fat-soluble vitamins

Lipid Structures

Eicosanoids: Messenger lipids

Glycolipids based on spingosine

Lipid classification by function Energy-storage lipids – A fat, triacylglycerols or triglycerides.  Membrane lipids - phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol  Emulsification lipids - bile acids, soaps and detergents  Chemical messenger lipids - steroid hormones, eicosanoids, and prostaglandins  Protective-coating lipids - biological waxes  Fat-soluble vitamins

Fatty Acids: Lipid Building Blocks

Polyunsaturated fatty acids: omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

Essential Fatty Acids (EFA). Fatty acids that cannot be produced by the body and are necessary for proper metabolism. The OMEGA 6 and OMEGA 3 fatty acids are referred to as Essential Fatty Acids (EFA).

Physical Properties of Fatty Acids

1) Give names of the following types of lipids. a) Name:____________ b) Name:____________ c) ) Name:____________ d) Name:____________

1) Give names of the following types of lipids. e) Name:____________ f) Name:____________ g) Name:____________ h) Name:____________

1) Give names of the following types of lipids. i) Name:____________ j) Name:____________ k) Name:____________

2) Give the type, structure notation and names of the following fatty acids.

a. Decanoic acid b. Stearic acid c. trans-5-Decenoic acid d. cis-5-Decenoic acid 3) Draw the condensed structures of each of the following fatty acids:

4) Write an equation for each of the following reactions: a)Esterification of glycerol with three molecules of myristic acid b)Base (NaOH) hydrolysis or saponification of glyceryl tristearate

4) Write an equation for each of the following reactions: c) Reaction of decanoic acid with KOH d) Hydrogenation of linoleic acid

Phospholipids

5) What are the structural differences between triglycerides (triacylglycerols) and phospholipids? Where they are found in living organisms?

Spingosine and Spingolipids

6) What is a sphingolipid? Draw an example.

Steroids four cycloalkane rings Contains a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol:

7) What is a steroid? What are their applications?

8) What are the two major types of fat substitutes and how they work

How aspirin relieves pain and inflammation? Aspirin inhibits the production of prostaglandins COX enzyme Concept of COX enzyme inhibition

Acetaminophen (Tylanol)

Triglycerides and lipoproteins: high-density (HDL)or (LDL) lipoproteins Lipoprotein particles: chylomicrons Triglycerides transportation in the blood stream

Four major groups of plasma lipoproteins. 1. Chylomicrons 2. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) 3. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) 4. High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Triglycerides and lipoproteins: high-density (HDL)or (LDL) lipoproteins Lipoprotein particles: chylomicrons Triglycerides transportation in the blood stream chylomicron remnant

The roles of HDL, LDL, and cholesterol. Cholesterollipoproteins Cholesterol and lipoproteins are related plaque that causes heart attacks and most strokes. LDL levels When LDL levels are low, atherosclerosis and heart attacks are almost unknown. HDL levels High HDL levels are associated with a reduced risk of heart disease: "good" cholesterol