Cuban Missile Crisis/Cold War Review Points for AP Exam

Rollback (Eisenhower) ●George Kennan, developer of the Marshall Plan, and along with the Eisenhower Administration, would focus on the following in order to 1.Keeping separation from vital and peripheral national interests 2.To prevent and deter massive nuclear retaliation from the Soviet Union through various economic and diplomatic policies 3.To reduce the size of conventional military forces, restoring a degree of budgetary balance ●Rollback intended to throw out policies of the previous administration(s) such as Truman’s ●Rollback failed, however in Eisenhower’s situation

Containment (Kennedy) ●With JFK in office key changes in both NATO and US military policy ensued to restore credibility in the face of MAD (mutually assured destruction) ●Some actions under JFK would include: 1.Expanding global commitments 2.Increased military budget and spending 3.Increasing the power of US and NATO conventional and nuclear capabilities One key example to the risks of this policy was the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

Turkey ●CAUSE:The United States installed nuclear missile systems in Turkey that would have the ability to reach Moscow, the capital of Russia ●EFFECT: It would force Nikita Khrushchev to force to Castro the development of nuclear silos within Cuba, since Russia could only target Alaska with its ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile)

Bay of Pigs/Beginning of Crisis ●The Bay of Pigs invasion was a part of Operation Mongoose, in which the CIA would arm Cuban exiles in order to overthrow Castro ●The invasion failed, and it would only solidify the pre-text to Khrushchev’s point of installing nuclear silos in Cuba ●At one point the two meet to discuss, and later in Tuesday, October 16, 1962, a U2 flyover would reveal the nuclear silos in Cuba ● Kennedy would immediately banded together ExComm, or the National Security Council to debate upon the Cuban situation ●Not only would Cuba be on high alert, but West Berlin and Germany, as it posed a threat to the DDR, and East Berlin

ExComm:Proposals ●All debate on the first day of ExComm was to bomb Cuba ●On the third day, it was suggested by George Ball, then Under Secretary of State, to bomb Cuba for not only its nuclear sites, but its air and navy sites to prevent retaliation ●Robert Kennedy and Secretary of State, Dean Rusk would demand the public address of Cuban missiles, and ordering a naval blockade ●TERMS TO KNOW “HAWK”-A POLITICIAN WHO PREFERED QUICK USE OF MILITARY FORCE “DOVE”-A POLITICIAN WHO PREFERED USE OF DIPLOMACY

Turkey Missile Crisis ●Khrushchev realized that if he invaded West Berlin and Germany, he would be threatened by American nuclear weapons ● Kennedy would quote as he was talking to his joint chiefs of staff that 'A Soviet move on Berlin leaves me only one alternative, which is to fire nuclear weapons - which is a hell of an alternative.'

Resolution ●With Khrushchev realizing the imminent threat on the attempt of invading the Allied sectors of Germany would cause certain nuclear war with the Americans Khrushchev sent two cabled messages to Kennedy ●The first explained that the Soviet Union would dismantle its nuclear systems in Cuba in exchange for assurance the United States and its proxies would not invade Cuba ●The second explained Khrushchev’s demands for the dismantling of American nuclear systems in Turkey ●Debate ensued on the second, but however was dealt with secrecy in relation to the American public

Sources (from BBC article) The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis by Ernest May, Philip Zelikow, Ernest R. May (Editor), Philip D. Zelikow (Editor) (W.W. Norton, 2002) Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam by Lawrence Freedman, (Oxford University Press, 2002) One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, by Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy J Naftali, (W.W. Norton & Company, 1998) The Cuban Missile Crisis (The Cold War) by Peter Chrisp (Hodder Wayland, 2001) An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, by Robert Dallek (Little, Brown, to be published in 2003) Kennedy by Hugh Brogan (Longman, 1996) The Presidency of John F. Kennedy by James N Giglio (University Press of Kansas, 1991) President Kennedy: Profile of Power by Richard Reeves (Simon & Schuster, 1993) The Modern American Presidency by Lewis L Gould (University Press of Kansas, 2003)