Aquaculture development – 40 years lesson Dr. Torbjørn Åsgård Director of research torbjorn.asgard@nofima.no www.nofima.no

Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth Aquaculture plays a rapidly growing role in the global production of seafood* Aquaculture, China Aquaculture, World excluding China Wildcatch, China Wildcatch, World excluding China Part used for food, World Source: FAO

Global production in aquacultutre

Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth The aquaculture business* has several segments, with intensive farming growing in relative importance Intensive fish farming: Fish farming controlled environment and feeding to maximise production Extensive fish farming: Fish farming largely relying on natural environmental conditions Ex farm sales main species 2004 Ex farm sales main species 2009 13 % Intensive finfish farming 14 % Extensive finfish farming 37 % 21 % 45 % Shrimp farming 21 % Shellfish farming (oysters, etc) 28 % 21 % € 38 billion € 48 billion * Excluding Algea and Seaweed Source: Nofima, FAO;

Intensive Aquaculture Fish production* Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth Salmon still dominates the intensively farmed finfish business, followed by trout, bass and bream. Tilapia is switching from largely extensive to more intensive Intensive Aquaculture Fish production* Atlantic Salmon Chinook (King) salmon Coho (silver) salmon Sea trout European seabass Gilthead seabream Atlantic cod Tilapia Sales to US** MT * In addition 250.000 MT of trout is farmed in Europe, Source: FAO ** Sales to US is estimated to be +/- 1/4 of global intensive farmed tilapia in 2004

Source: AKVAFORSK estimates, FAO Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth Significant growth is expected in aquaculture for the coming years (4% p.a.), particularly in intensive farming (7% p.a.) Expected developments in main aquaculture species Source: AKVAFORSK estimates, FAO

Global aquaculture 2004 (from FAO) Quantity in million tonnes Freshwater fishes 24 Aquatic plats 14 Molluscs 13 Crustaceans 4 Diadromous fish 3 Marine fish 1.5 Value in billion USD Freshwater fishes 25 Aquatic plats 7 Molluscs 10 Crustaceans 14 Diadromous fish 8 Marine fish 5 2009 Fish from aquaculture and consume fisheries equal in quantity

Production of salmon in Norway

Production of marine species in Norway

Total aquaculture and fishery in Norway

Production in Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Poland (2006) Common carp: 92% Gold fish: 3% Sturgeon: 2% Nothern pike: 2% Rainbow trout: 1% Estonia Rainbow trout: 75% Common carp: 11% Sturgeon: 8% European eel: 6% Lithuania Common carp: 95% Rainbow trout: 3% Gold fish: 1% Nothern pike: 1% Poland Rainbow trout: 51% Common carp: 47% Sturgeons: 1% Catfish: 1%

From 1973 From 1971

Species to start with and where to start ? Salmon Rainbow trout Fresh water trout Sea Trout Arctic char Crossings Marine species Fresh water species Warm water species

What has changed in Norway? Salmon vs honey Independent industry vs addition to fishing or farming Early ears: small units - high cooperation fast developments To day: large units – cooperation and competition Cooperation: industry – research institutions – public administration To day: 3 times more salmon meat than meat from all traditional domestic animals together

Research through the value chain Market and consumer Slaughter and processing Sea water phase Fresh water phase Brood stock and eggs Fish feed Raw material Efficiency, quality and food safety

From basic research to application Contract research Project duration of 0,3 – 1 year Private funding (often included public incentives) Research projects with industry participation Long term projects – 1-3 years Public/private funding Basic competence building and research Long term projects – 3-10 years Public funded

Nofima’s major research areas within aquaculture: Genetics and selective breeding Nutrition and feed development Knowledge about raw materials Fish welfare Disease prevention Sustainable production Processing and product development Marine Biotechnology

Breeding and genetics More than 30 years of experience from applied genetic research in aquaculture species The research activity of the institute is conducted in close collaboration with the aquaculture sector, securing rapid implementation of important results. Till date, basic research and applied work on genetic improvement based on selective breeding have covered 11 species worldwide Increased growth rate Increased feed conversion ratio Increased disease resistance

Produductivity 1940 Productivity, % (Ref. 1940) Year Broiler Cow Pig 300 Cow Pig Productivity, % (Ref. 1940) 200 Salmon Tilapia 100 Year 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Modifisert etter Eknath et al., 1991

15% increase per generation Significantly shorter production cycle 1975 2000 2005 Smolt 16 8 Growout 40 20 Total 56 28 24 15% increase per generation

Genetic gain, Atlantic salmon Selected (5G) vs. Wild   S - W, % Growth +113 Feed consumption +40 Protein retention +9 Energy retention +14 FCR, feed/gain -20 Thodesen et. al., 1999 Nofima Marin presentasjon

Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia GIFT tilapia with 90% faster growth (5 gens) Higher survival rates Three fish crops per year (vs 2) Has had large impact on overall fish production in Asia & Latin America Lead to higher productivity, profit and yield potential. UNDP, ADB Phillipines Institutes and Universities

Salmon farming in Norway 2003 The cost of producing salmon % Salmon farming in Norway 2003

Changes in composition of salmon feed

SALMON FEED DEVELOPMENT IN NORWAY: Feed cost per kg fish (fixed 2006 prices) Euros/kg IMPORTANT FACTORS: Dry feed High energy diets Reduced FCR Replacement of fish meal and oil Reduced feed price Feed management

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in Norwegian Salmon farming

Feed development for many species internationally Cod Salmon Rainbow trout Arctic char Striped bass Sturgeon Tilapia Sea urchins King crab Lobster Shrimp Oysters Scallops Sole Halibut

Production related disorders - deformities Septum defect Deformed head

Spine deformities in salmon induced by temperature at egg incubation 8 oC 10 oC Stable temperatures Spine deformities in salmon induced by temperature at egg incubation Identified by x-ray at size 60-80g % Chasing deformity genes Nofima has found a link between temperature and heart deformities: We have found the gene that codes for Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), that regulates heart development negatively Expression of this gene is controlled by temperature during embryogenic development  High temperature gives increased production of ANP, which supresses the development of the heart  incubation temperature for eggs were immediately adjusted by the industry

Feed and nutrition Lipid, lipid metabolism, cell culture Feedstuffs, feed formulation, feed technology, feeding Protein, amino acids, metabolism Preventivehealth Pigmentation

Nofima – an important player in international aquaculture R&D We have had aquaculture projects in more than 25 countries around the world Nofima will increase its international focus through projects and by establishing sub-units in selected countries (First Chile, then Asia?)

Thank you! torbjorn.asgard@nofima.no www.nofima.no