National Center for Supercomputing Applications University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 21 st Century Research and Education Major Challenges for Universities Edward Seidel Director, National Center for Supercomputing Applications Founder Professor of Physics, Professor of Astronomy University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

2 We are in a period of unprecedented change in Science and Society…

3 2 Black Hole Collision: Changing Culture of Science : Galileo - Hawking. 1 person, no computer, 50 KB 1994: 10 people, NCSA Cray Y-MP, 50MB 1998: 15 people, NCSA Origin, 50GB

4 The Growth of Data… Data Tsunami “I’m still here…” But I’m your new baby big brother… With millions of processors…

Data-enabled Transformation of Science Astronomy : Single scientist looks through telescope Record KB of data in notebook Require reproducibility Sloan Digital Sky Survey Record data for decade (40TB) Serve to entire world Thousands of scientists work “together” DES (now) 200GB/night PB in decade LSST (6 years) Record data for decade SDSS/night! 200 PB/decade How can I publish, discover, verify data in this new world?

Integrating it all: Multi-Messenger Astronomy… 6 New era: seeing events as they occur Here now ALMA, EVLA Ice Cube neutrinos On horizon 20-30m optical? LSST aLIGO, Indigo SKA = exabytes Simulations integrate all physics Astronomy c. 2020! Communities communicate by sharing data, software… knowledge…

Big Data vs The Long Tail of Science Many “Big Data” projects are “special” Tend to be highly organized, have singular sources of data, professionally curated, a lot attention paid to them What about the “Long Tail” (the other 99%)? Thousands of biologists sequencing communities of organisms Thousands of chemist and materials scientists developing a “materials genome” Millions of people “Tweeting”… Characteristics: Heterogeneous, perhaps hand generated Not curated, reused, served, etc… 7

Researchers, educators, students communicate by sharing data…this is central to enabling everything above! National Data Service Consortium

Scenarios like this in all fields 9 Los Angeles

10 Grand Challenge Communities Combine it All... Where is it going to go? 10 Same CI useful for black holes, hurricanes

Modern Research & Education Ecosystem 11 SoftwareSoftware SoftwareSoftware Track 2 CampusCampusCampusCampusCampusCampus CampusCampus CampusCampusCampusCampusCampusCampusCampusCampus DataData DataData DataData DataData Education Crisis: I need all of this to start to solve my problem! Blue Waters

New Approaches from Baton Rouge to Jeddah to Oxford to Moscow… 12 Universities attempt to respond I am bracing for the time when the CI budget exceeds the building budget…Andrew Hamilton, Oxford We have to do all this and revolutionize the state/national economy?

National Academy Reports… “Convergence [is] a culture shift for academic organizations that are traditionally organized around discipline-based departments….” “…most difficult problems do not respect disciplinary boundaries…convergent science, [integrates] insights and approaches from many fields…barriers to convergent science… New university infrastructure, education, reward structures: Software, networks, data, sharing, computing, etc University hiring, promotion and tenure cultures Example: Young Assistant Prof. Candidates… “Publications.” What is a modern publication?

Skoltech: New University Needed for 21 st Century

A University Built on Centers for Research, Education and Innovation (CREIs) 21 st century research is increasingly… Interdisciplinary, collaborative, computational, data-driven Focused on complex problems in science and engineering Expected to generate economic and societal value Most universities are still… Disciplinary…traditional Skoltech leading wave of innovation in 21 st century universities Interdisciplinary by design; no departments 15 centers (CREIs) organized around complex problems Each 10 faculty, postdocs, 60 students, staff, facilities Strong programs in support of innovation and entrepreneurship Culture of innovation in every student, professor, staff CREIs, not departments, are the fundamental building blocks of Skoltech Integrated data, compute, instrumentation infrastructure and policy under development for Interdisciplinary research Accelerating discovery Economic development Integrated data, compute, instrumentation infrastructure and policy under development for Interdisciplinary research Accelerating discovery Economic development

Summary Three key issues in 21 st century university environments Convergence and how to support it properly (very deep!) Compute and data-enabled revolution (12 orders of magnitude explosion after centuries of calm) Universities as engines of economic development (Oh, and MOOCs, a business model, affordability for students…) These issue impact everything How to build a comprehensive compute and data environment on campus How to hire, reward, promote professors How to educate a students

Skoltech at a Glance A unique Russian institution in international context – This decade: a community of 200 faculty, 300 post- docs, 1200 graduate students Focused on science, engineering and technology – Addressing problems and issues in IT, Energy, Biomedicine, Space and Nuclear Interdisciplinary by design; no departments – 15 centers organized around complex problems With strong programs in support of innovation and entrepreneurship – Creating a culture of innovation in every student, professor, staff member Important part of the Skolkovo innovation ecosystem Integrated data, compute, instrumentation infrastructure and policy under development for Interdisciplinary research Accelerating discovery Economic development Integrated data, compute, instrumentation infrastructure and policy under development for Interdisciplinary research Accelerating discovery Economic development

Why is this so critical for the future? Reproducibility of a scientific result: heart of science Needed: access to complete state of a result, including data, software, methods, (and the publication itself) Accelerating discovery: faster, deeper dissemination of results to other researchers; Repurposing data by others: extending in new ways Needed: services to find, retrieve, analyze, describe data/results Interdisciplinarity and complex problem solving Needed: ability to find, integrate results across communities Public dissemination of publicly funded research results Needed: open, accessible results, searchable by public Economic development Needed: availability of all the above to companies (MGI!)

Basic Vision for Open Data as Central to 21 st Century Research and Education Make it possible (easy) for anyone to: Create a data collection, get “identifier”… Deposit it where it can be kept safe… Provide services so others can find it, analyze it, repurpose it… Link it to (open, please!) publications… OA aspects very important to this With these capabilities in place Many important things will happen… But people have to be given credit for this! National Data Service Consortium