PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT SEC. 21-1 PAGES 610-614 Define: political machine – kickback - patronage – civil service – trust – muckraker – primary – initiative- referendum – recall Identify: “Boss” William Tweed – Chester Arthur – Pendleton Act – Interstate Commerce Act – Eugene Debs – Ida Tarbell – Upton Sinclair – Meat Inspection Act – Pure Food & Drug Act – Robert Lafollette – 17th Amendment

FIGHTING CORRUPTION Reformer – someone who wants to change society for the better Urban problems Political machines – powerful organizations linked to political parties that controlled government ( jobs – services) in many cities Political boss – gained votes by doing favors for people – many times bosses were corrupt – took bribes – kickbacks ( contractor padded bill for city work and gave back percentage to boss who awarded job) – got rich

SUMMARIZE Powerful organization linked to political parties that controlled gov’t in cities Contractor padded bill for city work – gave money to person who hired him Person who want to change society for the better Kickback Political machine Reformer

Thomas Nast William “Boss “Tweed William “Boss” Tweed – head of New York City Democratic political machine 1860s 1870s Controlled police, courts, newspapers – stole millions in illegal payments from companies doing business with city. Exposed by cartoonist Thomas Nast – Tweed fled to Spain – caught -sent to prison William “Boss “Tweed Thomas Nast

Fighting the Spoils System Reformers started: 1. Organizations to make government more honest – Nat’l Municipal League 2. New forms of government – Galveston, Texas – city gov’t run by commissioners (5) 3. Small cities hired managers - Tom Johnson – Cleveland mayor – civic reformer Patronage - Spoils system – rewarding political supporters with jobs – favors Pres. Rutherford Hayes and Pres. James Garfield – change spoils system. Pres. Garfield assassinated by angry gov’t worker before he could do anything. Civil Service – body of nonelected government workers – appoint qualified people Pres. Chester Arthur – 1883 – Congress passed Pendleton Act – started the Civil Service Commission – set up competitive exams for federal jobs – by 1900 all federal employees hired by Civil Service Commission.

CONTROLING BUSINESS Trust – combination of companies managed by board of directors – too powerful 1890 – Sherman Antitrust Act – law to ban/control monopolies and trusts First used against labor unions – gov’t stated strikes interfered with trade Railroads operated as an oligopoly ( market structure in which a few large companies controlled price of the industry). Reformers wanted regulations , but Supreme Court said only Congress could enact legislation to regulate commerce across state lines. 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act – required RR to change rates – publish Created Interstate Commerce Commission – supervise RR – later trucking Tariff – tax on imports – Republicans raised tariffs to protect Amer. businesses from international competition. Voters opposed – elected Grover Cleveland president 1892.

NEW REFORM IDEAS Socialist – person who believes industries should be publicly owned – run by gov’t on behalf of all the people rather than private individuals. Eugene Debs – started American Socialist Party Progressives alarmed by wealth in hands of few – rejected socialism – supported government efforts to regulate industry. Change gov’t to make it efficient – resist influence of powerful business interests. Society has obligation to protect and help all members – especially poor.

SUMMARIZE Vocab term – combination of companies controlled by a board of directors Vocab term – few large companies control price of an industry. What group now regulates railroads and today the trucking industry? What is socialism? Who was the socialist candidate running for president?

Muckrakers Muckraker – a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in society a. Lincoln Steffens – exposed corrupt political machines in New York, Chicago - book- The Shame of the Cities b. Ida Tarbell – wrote on unfair practices in oil trusts- Rockefeller’s Standard Oil

c. Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – book on unclean practices in meatpacking industry Gov’t will pass Meat Inspection Act – inspect meats Food & Drug Act- accurate labeling of food, medicine, ban sale of harmful food 

SUMMARIZE What vocab term means a person who exposed corruption or abuses in society? Name two of these people and what area they targeted. Law that provided for inspection of meats Law that required accurate labeling of food, medicine, ban sale of harmful food 

EXPANDING DEMOCRACY Robert LaFollette - Wisconsin reformer early 1900s – “Wisconsin Idea” Change process in state elections – candidates chosen by party bosses Direct primary – state voters choose their party candidates Oregon System – gave voters more power – limited political parties Initiative – citizens place issue on ballot in state election Referendum – Voters accept/reject measures proposed by legislatures Recall – voters remove unsatisfactory elected officials from jobs Changed way US Senators elected – formerly picked by state legislatures 17th Amendment – direct election (voters of a state) of senators

SUMMARIZE Citizens place issue on state ballot 17th Amendment Voters remove unsatisfactory elected officials from jobs State voters choose their own party’s candidates Voters accept/reject measures proposed by legislatures People of state elect senators (directly by voters) 17th Amendment Direct primary Initiative Recall Referendum