SOL: USII.4c & 9a DISCRIMINATION Discrimination and segregation against African Americans intensified and took new forms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Jim Crow Laws Limited the freedom of Blacks Lynchings against Blacks were common in the South. Blacks unsuccessfully looked to the U.S. Court System to safeguard their rights.

Separate but Equal? 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson-upheld a segregated southern society. The Supreme Court confirmed legality of "separate but equal" in Plessey vs. Ferguson case - 1896. Not a violation Of the 14th Amendment Equal Protection.

RESPONSE TO RACISM Ida B. Wells-led a crusade to get the government to stop lynching and punish southern whites.

Attended Hampton Institute BOOKER T. WASHINGTON Former slave, believed that equality could be gained through vocational education and economic success. He accepted social segregation. Wrote Up From Slavery Some blacks thought he was too cautious and faulted him for his acceptance of separation. Attended Hampton Institute 1st President Tuskegee Institute

W.E.B. Du Bois Du Bois would not accept segregation as Booker T. Washington had. W.E.B. Du Bois Believed that education was meaningless without equality. He supported political equality for African Americans by helping form the NAACP. Wrote: The Souls of Black Folk.

The Student will demonstrate how the U. S. A The Student will demonstrate how the U.S.A. grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the early 20th Century. Sol-VUS.8d.

Working Conditions in the Factories Dangerous Child Labor Long hours, low wages No benefits Women labor

How did workers respond to unfair treatment by management. Formed Labor Unions -1886-AFL-Samuel Gompers -American Railway Union-Eugene Debs -Industrial Ladies Garment Union Unions Organized -Strikes, slowdowns, sit downs, and boycotts

How did Owners Respond? Placed union members on blacklists Violent confrontations Yellow dog Contracts Lockouts

Famous Strikes Haymarket Strike Pullman Strike In the late 1800's, strikes occurred all the time, often ending in violence and little gain for the workers. Haymarket Strike Pullman Strike

Homestead Strike In 1892, 13 men were killed in a battle between striking steelworkers and strikebreakers at Carnegie's Homestead steel plant in Pittsburgh. The strike turned many Americans  against unions and organized labor, which they blamed for the violence.

Corrupt Politicians Bosses and the political machines controlled the big cities. Political machines gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants ( jobs, housing) Some city bosses tried to help new immigrants in order to get their votes.

Boss Tweed-Political Machines One of the most famous of these bosses was Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall Often fixed elections to keep his political machine in power.

The Progressive Movement a movement to have the government reform problems created by industrialization Used government to REFORM problems created by industrialization and social inequality.

Goals of the Progressive Movement Government controlled by the people Guaranteed economic opportunities through government regulation Elimination of social injustices racism, discrimination, poor work conditions

The Government Steps In Teddy Roosevelt became the first president to seriously attach trusts. Sherman Anti-Trust Act-Prevents monopolies Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1935 The Wagner Act- created the NLRB to monitor union & employee relations 1947 Taft-Hartley Act-The President can delay a strike if it threatens national security.

A Trust Busting President Square Deal Roosevelt’s belief in a society based on fair business competition, and increased welfare for the needy Teddy Roosevelt promised a “SQUARE DEAL.” Equal treatment by ending monopolies & trust. He earned the nickname the Trust Buster. 26th President

Teddy Roosevelt He worked hard to regulate business and helped establish workers rights Meat Inspection Act- Government was now allowed to inspect meat shipped interstate Pure Food and Drug Act- Led to the (FDA) and allowed for regulating food and drugs Elkins Act- ICC could punish the RR’s that gave rebates to trusts

The Muckrakers Crusading Journalists who sought to expose the abuse of power by crooked politicians & the robber barons.

Upton Sinclair- The Jungle Describes just how terrible conditions for workers were a hundred years ago. The threat of food contamination from unsanitary factories before corporate greed was put in check by government regulation.

JACOB RIIS: REFORMER In the 1880s his work gravitated towards reform and he worked with other New York reformers then crusading for better living conditions for the thousands of immigrants flocking to New York in search of new opportunities.

Progressive Movement reforms: Improved safety conditions How did the reforms of the Progressive Movement change the United States? Progressive Movement reforms: Improved safety conditions Reduced work hours Placed restrictions on child labor Fresh water was piped  in, lighting was installed. Garbage collections and street cleaning

More Reforms Elections Progressives were able to reform the electoral process this took some of the corruption out of elections 17th amendment- direct election of senators; before state legislators had chosen senators Secret Ballot- voting process reformed

Voter Choice Reforms Established the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall at the state level. Initiative the citizens can propose laws. Referendum the citizens can actually vote on the passage of laws. Recall citizens can remove state officials