RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION AND THE LEGACY OF RECONSTRUCTION.

ANDREW JOHNSON SURVIVES IMPEACHMENT. BY A VOTE OF 35 TO 19 EDMUND ROSS REFUSES TO YIELD TO POLITICAL PRESSURE. SAVE THE PRINCIPLE OF “SEPARATION OF POWERS” BUT JOHNSON IS WEAKENED.

U.S. GRANT IS ELECTED IN 1868 CONGRESS BECOME DOMINATE NO MORE CONFLICT BETWEEN PRESIDENT & CONGRESS. JOHNSON RETURNS TO TENN. & 5 YEARS LATER IS ELECTED TO THE SENATE

GRANT IS WAR HERO NO POLITICAL EXPERIENCE SLOGAN: “LET US HAVE PEACE.” DEMOCRATS NOMINATE HORATIO SEYMOURE “COPPERHEAD” GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. ELECTORAL VOTE 214 TO 80

LESSON OF THE ELECTION REPUBLICANS NEED FREEDMAN’S VOTE MUST PREVENT WHITE VOTING. THE KEY TO CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION IS BLACK SUFFRAGE. REUBLICANS NEED BLACK VOTES TO CONTROL SOUTHERN STATES.

MORE… 14TH AMENDMENT INDIRECTLY PROMOTES BLACK VOTING RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 REQUIRES BLACK SUFFRAGE AS PREREQUISTE FOR READMISSION TO THE UNION.

MORE... IRONICALLY SOME NORTHERN STATES DENY BLACKS THE VOTE. CONGRESS PROPOSES THE 15 TH AMENDMENT RATIFIED IN 1870 VOTE CANNOT BE DENIED BASED ON RACE, COLOR,…

GRANT AS PRESIDENT CABINET WEAK & CORRUPT HAMILTON FISH SEC OF STATE, SOLE EXCEPTION GRANT NOT PERSONALLY CORRUPT, BUT LOOKED OTHER WAY TO PROTECT FRIENDS

SCANDALS JIM FISK & JAY GOULD – THE ERIE RAILROAD DEAL. VANDERBILT WANTS CONTROL OF THE ERIE R.R. “WATERING OF STOCK.”: PRINTED AND SOLD MORE STOCK WITHOUT ADDING ASSETS TO THE RAILROAD

MORE SCANDALS.. FISK & GOULD TRY TO CORNER GOLD MARKET SEPT 24 TH, 1869 GRANT PROMISES TO HELP. DROVE GOLD PRICES UP, THEN SOLD SHORT INVESTIGATION CONCLUDES: “GRANT NOT CROOK, JUST STUPID.”

SANTA DOMINGO GRANT WANT TO ANNEX SANTA DOMINGO AS HAVEN FOR BLACKS SEN. SUMNER BLOCKS PLAN GRANT HAS HIM STRIPPED OF POWER.

WILLIAM MARCY TWEED POLITICAL “BOSS” OF N.Y. CITY PRINCIPLES: “ADDITION, DIVISION, & SILENCE.” ROBBED MILLIONS FROM TAXPAYERS

TWEED VS THOMAS NAST POLITICAL CARTOONIST N.Y. TIMES TWEED OFFERS $5 MILLION BRIBE. NAST SAYS NO! TWEED FLEES TO SPAIN CAPTURED WHEN GUARD RECOGNIZES HIM FROM NAST CARTOON.

SAM TILDEN CONVICTS TWEED TWEED GOES TO JAIL TILDEN WIN NATIONAL RECOGNITION BECOMES DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE IN 1876

MORE CORRUPTION THE CREDIT MOBILIER UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD PHONY CONSTRUCTION COMPANY GRANTS VICE PRESIDENT IS LINKED TO CORRUPTION GRANT PROTECTS HIM

THE WHISKEY RING GRANT’S SECRETARY ORVILLE BABCOCK INVOLVED. GRANT PROTECTS HIM.

FOREIGN POLICY PROBLEMS CUBAN REBELLION 1868 THE VIRGINIUS AFFAIR SPANISH EXECUTE AMERICAN GUN RUNNERS GRANT THREATENS WAR. FISH MAKES DEAL

THE ALABAMA CLAIM U.S. CLAIMS BRITISH OWE $ FOR DAMAGES DONE BY THE ALABAMA FISH GET $15.5 MILLION WE USE THREAT TO ARM IRISH TO CONVINCE THE BRITISH

ELECTION OF 1872 LIBERAL REPUBLICANS REVOLT NOMINATE HORACE GREELEY PROMISES TO END CORRUPTION DEMOCRATS ENDORSE GREELEY PROMISES TO “CLOSE THE BLOODY CHASM.”

MORE…. REPUBLICANS RE-NOMINATE GRANT “WAVE THE BLOODY SHIRT.” ATTACK GREELEY AS “BROWN BREAD EATER.” DESPITE SCANDALS GRANT WINS 286 TO 66 GREELEY IS RUINED AND DIES SHORTLY AFTER ELECTION

SOUTHERN COUNTER ATTACK “CARPET BAGGERS” “SCALAWAGS” KKK KNIGHTS OF THE WHITE CAMILLA GOAL TO RE-ESTABLISH WHITE SUPREMACY

CONGRESS RESPONDS THE ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1870 PROTECT BLACK VOTERS FEDERAL SUPERVISION OF SOUTHERN ELECTIONS SUSPENDS HABEAS CORPUS TO DEAL WITH THE KLAN IN 1869 THE FREEDMAN’S BUREAU DIES

ELECTION OF 1876 HAYES FOR THE REPUBLICANS TILDEN FOR THE DEMOCRATS IT TAKES 185 ELECTORAL VOTES TO WIN TILDEN HAS 184 AND A CLEAR MAJORITY IN THE POPULAR VOTE. BUT 4 STATES HAVE DISPUTED BALLOTS

WHAT TO DO? CONGRESS FORMS THE COMMITTEE OF 15 APPOINTS 7 REPUBLICANS AND 7 DEMOCRATS 1 INDEPENDENT CAN NOT FIND AN INDEPENDENT TO SERVE.

THE COMPROMISE OF 1877 HAYES BECOMES PRESIDENT RECONSTRUCTION ENDS PATRONAGE IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE PARTIES FEDERAL TROOPS ARE WITHDRAWN THE FREEDMEN ARE ABANDONED.

REDEMPTION BEGINS FIRST GOAL STOP BLACK VOTING. TACTICS: KKK AND PHSICAL INTIMIDATION SHARE CROPING & ECONOMIC INTIMIDATION POLL TAXES THE GRANDFATHER CLAUSE LITERACY TESTS