The Restoration & The 18 th Century
Why is it called the Restoration? Charles II becomes king after 10 years of parliamentary rule under Oliver Cromwell All changes made under Cromwell are voided Return of the Anglican Church Return of aristocracy as “high point” of existence Return of religious persecution of all non- Anglicans
OTHER NAMES Enlightenment Age of Reason NeoClassical Period Augustan Age It was a return to ideals first presented by the ancient Greeks and Romans.
KEY EVENTS 1666 – Great London Fire – Reign of James II tries to reestablish Catholic church – Bloodless Revolution succession of Protestant rulers William & Mary 1695 – Penal Laws deprives Irish Catholics of rights 1707 – England, Wales & Scotland become Great Britain 1714 – George I becomes king, cannot speak English 1760 – George III becomes king, loses American colonies 1775 – American Revolution begins 1789 – French Revolution begins 1799 – Rosetta Stone discovered Napolean becomes emperor of France
SOCIETY RICH Lived lavishly Heavily ornamented clothing, rich fabrics Heavy makeup (men/women) High, fancily dressed wigs (men/women) High heels (men/women) Spent time attending parties, theatre, & balls Beginning of resort cities - Bath
Images of clothing from Restoration perios
Women’s clothing from Restoration period
Resort City of Bath
SOCIETY POOR Lived in dirty, overcrowded slums Poor sanitation Disease-ridden Spent much time in debtor’s prison Victims of alcoholism
Images of the poor
SCIENCE Sir Isaac Newton published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Robert Hooke contributed to astronomy, biology, physics & chemistry Lady Mary Wortley Montague introduces inoculations for smallpox Robert Boyle began modern study of chemistry
INVENTIONS Cheddar Cheese Gas streetlights Address Directory Lightning Rod
RELIGION Persecution of all non-Anglicans began mass immigration to other countries for religious freedom Deists new religious ideology believed the world was a giant, perfect mechanism, created by God, and then left to run on its own
LITERATURE - DRAMA Very popular amongst the upper class Females finally allowed on stage Comedy of Manners reflected life of the rich and leisure classes Heroic Dramas melodramatic plays, with exaggerated dialogue, emotional outbursts and stereotypical characters
PLAYWRIGHTS Moliere (French) The Misanthrope, The Imaginary Invalid Jean Racine (French) Andromaque Pierre Cornielle (French) Cid John Dryden All for Love William Wycherly The Country Wife William Congreve The Way of the World George Farquhar The Beaux Strategem
Wycherly Farquhar Dryden Racine Moliere Congreve Cornielle
LITERATURE - PROSE Writing became a science no more ornate metaphors, a la Shakespeare shorter sentences Essayists and journalists wrote for the middle- class addressed political matters wanted social reform established newspapers – The Tatler & The Spectator
WRITERS Samuel Pepys diary of English life Olaudah Equiano publishes his autobiography of his days as a slave Mary Wollstencraft publishes “Vindication of the Rights of Women” mother of Mary Shelley (Frankenstein) Samuel Johnson publishes first dictionary
Wollestonecraft EquianoJohnson Pepys
LITERATURE - POETRY Neoclassical appealed to intellect and reason witty, filled with classical allusions used to celebrate, mourn, or ridicule followed strict rules of form
POETS Alexander Pope also wrote satire & epigrams William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge Phyllis Wheatley 1 st African-American female to be published
Coleridge Wheatley Wordsworth Pope
LITERATURE – SATIRE Ridicules human weakness, vice or folly in order to gain social reform
SATIRISTS Alexander Pope The Rape of the Lock Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels “A Modest Proposal” Voltaire Candide
LITERATURE - NOVEL Came into being in the 18 th century and were immediately popular told stories of the middle class gave a view of the emotions of the characters Epistolary Novels novel written in letter form
NOVELISTS Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe Aphra Behn first female novelist Oroonoko – anti-slavery novel