Chapter 25

1,593,000181,18802,753,00926,0001,110,0001,847,0001,069,0005,780,000540,0002,928,000 Chart: Rise of Immigrants

Immigrants from Europe Old New New New

RELIGION BIRTHPLACE REASONS DESTINATION OCCUPATI ON RELIGION BIRTHPLACE REASONS DESTINATION OCCUPATI ON ProtestantCatholic and Jewish North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution Moved to farmsMoved to cities in the in the MidwestNortheast Became farmersUnskilled workers ProtestantCatholic and Jewish North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution Moved to farmsMoved to cities in the in the MidwestNortheast Became farmersUnskilled workers Old vs New Immigrants

VI. In 1860, 1 in 6 Americans lived in cities; in 1890 it was 1 of 3.

New York – 3.5 million Chicago & Philadelphia more than 1 million St. Louis, Boston, Baltimore more than 500,000

A.Industrialization drew people to cities, which caused overcrowding and poor living conditions.

Immigrants Settle in Cities urbanization  Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities  Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs  Americanization  Americanization—assimilate people into main culture  Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills  English, American history, cooking, etiquette  Ethnic communities provide social support

Migration from Country to City  Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities  Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood  1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence  Find segregation, discrimination in North too  Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension

1. Transportation changed.

a. horse cars were replaced first by cable cars, then electric trolley cars.

b. Elevated trains were used in Chicago and New York.

c. Subway trains were used in New York & Boston.

d. The Brooklyn Bridge was completed in 1883.

Housing  Working-class families live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses  Later, row houses built for single families  Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house  Tenements  Tenements—multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary Transportation  Mass transit  Mass transit —move large numbers of people along fixed routes  By 20 th century, transit systems link city to suburbs

D. Cities grew upward and outward

1. Skyscraper – 1 st in Chicago -1885

2. Elisha Otis made elevators usable for skyscrapers.

3. Tenements were low cost housing in cities.

a. Disease was a result of poor conditions – cholera, malaria, TB, diphtheria, typhoid

b. Great Chicago fire occurred in 1871

c. Other urban problems included: crime, violence, pollution, and alcoholism.

Housing  Working-class families live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses  Later, row houses built for single families  Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house  Tenements  Tenements—multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary Transportation  Mass transit  Mass transit —move large numbers of people along fixed routes  By 20 th century, transit systems link city to suburbs

Water  1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare  Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908 Sanitation  Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection  Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses often do not do job properly  By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

Crime  As population grows, thieves flourish  Early police forces too small to be effective Fire  Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters  Most firefighters volunteers, not always available  1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments  Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

Cities provided opportunities Machine-made jobs high wages ended monotony of the farm. Cities provided opportunities Machine-made jobs high wages ended monotony of the farm. Cities

Job opportunities for Women School teaching Domestic service Women doctors Lawyers, typists, telephone girls, librarians, journalists and social workers. Women gainfully employed rose from 2.5 million in 1880 to 8 million in Job opportunities for Women School teaching Domestic service Women doctors Lawyers, typists, telephone girls, librarians, journalists and social workers. Women gainfully employed rose from 2.5 million in 1880 to 8 million in 1910.

Cities were attractive with telephones bright lights and electricity. Central heating public water systems indoor plumbing sewage disposal asphalt pavements and transportation. Cities were attractive with telephones bright lights and electricity. Central heating public water systems indoor plumbing sewage disposal asphalt pavements and transportation. Cities

Cities had many faces Slums Criminals Beggars Pollution bad smells grafters (corrupt politicians) Cities had many faces Slums Criminals Beggars Pollution bad smells grafters (corrupt politicians) Cities

Cities offered beautiful parks, museums, libraries, churches, hospitals and schools. Became the intellectual nerve center of the country. Cities offered beautiful parks, museums, libraries, churches, hospitals and schools. Became the intellectual nerve center of the country. Cities

Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S. Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities Meatpacking Steel mills Cattle industry Multi-cultural community Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S. Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities Meatpacking Steel mills Cattle industry Multi-cultural community

Many American nativists disliked new immigrants because they would not assimilate into American society. segregatedWould stay segregated in their ethnic neighborhoods.

B. Before the 1880s immigrants came from western Europe. Afterwards they came from southern & eastern Europe.

1. steerage

2.They fled crop failures and famine for a better life.

3. More than 70% of all immigrants came through New York City – “The Golden Door.”

Emma Lazarus, The Poems of Emma Lazarus, vol. 1 (1889), 2 With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mile eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cites frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

C. In 1892 Ellis Island was built in New York Harbor near the Statue of Liberty.

Ellis Island Ellis Island was built in 1892 as the 1 st “Immigration Center” Later, closed in the 1940s Today it is a museum. The goal was to “screen” immigrants coming from Europe. Immigrants took physical examinations and were held at Ellis Island before they were released to the US mainland.

1.All immigrants had to undergoa physical examination.

2.Those found with a contagious disease were quarantined.

3. Immigrants often sought to live in communities established by previous settlers from their homelands.

American Citizens American Citizens: What weight can my vote have against this flood of ignorance, stupidity and fraud?

Cartoon: Immigration Old Immigrants resented the New Immigrants. New Immigrants came to this country for the same reasons as the Old Immigrants.

Immigrants being used

Cleveland quote on Immigration

Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese. First law to restrict immigration. Taking away jobs from Nativists Chinese Exclusion Act 1

Chinese Exclusion Act 2 President Hayes vetoed this act and Congress would override it. He would not be re- elected. Chinese immigration would be outlawed until the 1920’s.

D. The federal gov. did little to help immigrants assimilate into society, so many were often controlled by powerful “bosses” – Boss Tweed.

Corrupt political leader put New York City in debt Political boss Political boss 1851 elected to city council 1852 served in Congress Kept Democratic Party in power in NYC called Tammany Hall Formed the Tweed Ring Bought votes, encouraged corruption, controlled NYC politics

1. Gradually Social Gospel was preached. Lead by: preachers Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden.

Kept detailed files on people who received their help Decided who was worthy of help Wanted immigrants to adopt American, middle-class standards. Sought to apply the gospel teachings of Christ: charity and justice to society’s problems. Moved into poor communities settlement housesTheir settlement houses served as community centers and social service agencies. Hull HouseHull House, founded by Jane Addams a model settlement house in Chicago, offered cultural events, classes, childcare, employment assistance, and health-care clinics. The Charity Organization Movement The Social Gospel Movement The Settlement Movement

The Settlement House Movement Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban poverty Social Gospel movement—preaches salvation through service to poor Settlement houses—community centers in slums, help immigrants Run by college-educated women, they: - provide educational, cultural, social services - send visiting nurses to the sick - help with personal, job, financial problems Jane Addams founds Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889

2. Jane Addams, founded Hull House in 1889 to teach children and adults the skills they would need to survive and succeed in America. – Nobel Prize.

3. Florence Kelley – lifelong battler for welfare of women, children, blacks and consumers.

4. Lillian Wald founded the Henry Street Settlement house in New York. 1893

E. Churches had failed to help the poor. This changed in the late 1800s.

1.Led by Dwight L. Moody – founded Moody Bible Institute in 1889 in Chicago. a man who proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life.

2. Cardinal Gibbons was popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants, as he preached American unity.

3. By 1890, Americans could choose from 150 religions, including the new Salvation Army, which tried to help the poor and unfortunate.

4. The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science), founded by Mary Baker Eddy, preached that Christianity heals sickness.

5. YMCA’s and YWCA’s also sprouted.

F. Darwin Disrupts the Churches – Charles Darwin – On the Origin of Species – evolution: angered Fundamentalist.

G.Movements in black educational improvements were led by:

1. Booker T. Washington – former slave- Autobiography – Up From Slavery. a.Founded Tuskegee Institute. b.Believed blacks must help themselves before being given more rights.

2. One of Washington’s students was George Washington Carver, who later discovered hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans.

3. W.E.B. Du Bois, the first Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard University a.Niagara Movement – demanded complete equality for Blacks and action now b. founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910.

H.Two journalist gave ideas on how two reform society.

1.Henry George – “Progress and Poverty.”

2.Edward Bellamy – “Looking Backward.”