CHAPTERS 6-8 (p. 229—297) Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century.

Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century. Timeline: 1850’s—1900’s Issues our nation faced: Industrialization (railroad, factories, steel, oil) Urbanization (cities, infrastructure) Immigration (new faces and new cultures) The status of women and minorities Political Events

Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century. What potential problems and successes exist with each group of issues? What are some ways those problems and successes might be handled? How might life change for people involved in each group?

Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century. Why might people be so resistant to change? examples: cell phones, computers (desktop to laptop), DTV, others? What advantages and disadvantages come with living in developed and industrialized areas?

Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century. Herman Melville wrote: “Hark! Here comes that old dragon again— that gigantic gadfly…snort! puff! scream! Who or what might he be referring to?

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? I. Railroads A. railroads were private businesses B. by 1890, the U.S. had 180,000 miles of railroad. C. the U.S. government supported railroads with loans to purchase land.

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? I. Railroads D. other industries profited from railroad expansion 1. iron, coal, steel, glass, small business 2. entire towns began to grow around railroads a. “company towns” b. Pullman, Illinois (1880)

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? I. Railroads E. railroads changed the lives of Americans 1. travel was made faster and easier 2. railroads were “romanticized” *Pullman sleeper cars *Reading: HO#3 3. time zones were set a. November, 1883 b. C.F. Dowd

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? II. New problems came along A. workforce of immigrants B. strict conformity of the work force C. owner corruption and profit *Credit Mobilier Scandal D. price fixing E. land grants F. short haul vs. long haul

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? III. Government finally responds A. the Grange B. Munn v. Illinois (1877) C. The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? IV. Oil A. kerosene lamps (1840’s) *Abraham Gesner B. Edwin L. Drake (1859) *oil boom followed from Pennsylvania to Texas

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? V. Steel A. coal deposits B. carbon from coal C. Bessemer Steel process 1. Henry Bessemer and William Kelly widespread by 1880

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? V. Steel A. new inventions and innovations 1. barbed wire 2. farm equipment 3. Brooklyn Bridge 4. skyscrapers * Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? VI. Government vs. Industry A. ”big business” centered around industry was allowed to grow (basically unchecked) 1. laissez faire 2. monopolies B. Andrew Carnegie —Carnegie Steel Company —largest steel producer in America 3. Carnegie libraries and education

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? VI. Government vs. Industry vs. Labor A. J.P. Morgan *holding companies B. John D. Rockefeller *Standard Oil Company C Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? VII. Labor A. working conditions were horrible 1. no sick leave or unemployment 2. seven day workweeks hour work days 4. low wages 5. poor housing (if any)

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? VII. Labor 6. children as young as five were working full time jobs. 7. by 1910, 20% of America’s workforce was between the ages of 5 and most work done by children was done at home and unsupervised.

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? VII. Labor 9. wages were not equal and were not enough to live on —subsistence wages were $698 per year; 77% of Americans did not make subsistence wages 11. Andrew Carnegie reported an income of $23,000,000

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? VII. Labor 11. sweatshops (called “sweaters”) 12. tenement housing 13. food and family These issues caused two movements: the rise in labor unions The Progressive Reform Movement (social)

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? VIII. Labor Unions A. National Labor Union (1866) B. Colored National Labor Union C. craft (trade) unions vs. industrial unions 1. Samuel Gompers 2. the American Federation of Labor (1886) 3. Eugene V. Debs and “social unionism”

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? VIII. Labor Unions D. Industrial Workers of the World 1. the “Wobblies” 2. a union of both trade and industry E. unions as a threat

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? VIII. Labor Strikes A. The Great Strike of 1877 *railroad B. The Haymarket Riots *Chicago

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly? VIII. Labor A. The Homestead Strike 1. Carnegie Homestead Steel, Pennsylvania 2. Pinkerton Detective Agency 3. scabs 4. lasted June until November B. Pullman Railroad Strike

Urbanization and Immigration Things to consider: 1. What kind of services would you need in order to make life in a new place? 2. Where might you find work, or training for a job you are unskilled for? 3. Would you feel uncertain about accepting help from strangers? Why or why not?

Urbanization and Immigration I.New people in a new land A. reasons to immigrate B. Europeans 1. between 1870 and 1920==20,000, mostly Irish, Italian, and Russian 3. several were Jewish

Urbanization and Immigration I. New people in a new land C. Asian 1. Chinese and Japanese 2. gold rush and railroads 3. Hawaiian planters recruited Japanese D. West Indies and Mexico 1. Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica 2. Mexico—political unrest E. map, p. 255

Urbanization and Immigration II. Getting here A. steamship B. Ellis Island 1. medical exam 2. documents C. Angel Island D. conditions at both were harsh and time consuming

Urbanization and Immigration III.Settling in A.“simple survival” B.sought those with similar values, religion, and/or language. C.growth of ethnic communities D.hyphenated Americans E. “melting pot”

Urbanization and Immigration IV.Immigrant Resistance and prejudice A. nativism B. “right vs. wrong” immigrants C. religion vs. ethnicity D. WASP and The Second Ku Klux Klan E. labor issues F. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) G. Gentleman’s Agreement

Urbanization and Immigration V.Urbanization A. growth of cities *map of New York, p. 263 B. The Americanization Movement 1. assimilation 2. social centers C. southern farmers and African-Americans

Urbanization and Immigration VI.Problems in the cities A. Housing 1. tenements 2. row houses B. transportation C. water D. sanitation E. crime F. fire

Urbanization and Immigration VII.Response to Urbanization A. The Social Gospel Movement B. settlement houses 1. led mostly by women 2. education, language, social services 3. Jane Addams—Hull House in Chicago 4. Janie Porter Barrett—Locust Street Social Settlement in Hampton, Virginia for African-Americans

“COSROWM” I. Women A. supported labor leaders and pro-labor political candidates. B. Mary Harris “Mother” Jones 1. supported UMW 2. child labor laws

“COSROWM” I. Women C. Pauline Newman (16) 1. ILGWU Triangle Shirt Factory--1911

“COSROWM” II. Minorities A. educational opportunities B. HBCU’s (Howard, Fisk, Atlanta) C. Booker T. Washington—Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. D. W.E.B. duBois and the Niagara Movement.

“COSROWM” II. Minorities E. voting restrictions 1. poll taxes 2. literacy tests 3. “grandfather” clauses

“COSROWM” II. Minorities F. Jim Crow laws G. forced segregation H. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) I. resurgence of Klan activity

A Changing Lifestyle I.1876: Thomas Alva Edison and the filament for the light bulb. II.1867: Christopher Sholes and the typewriter III.1876: Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone. IV.Construction: A. Louis Sullivan—skyscrapers B. Daniel Burnham—The Flatiron Building (1902)

A Changing Lifestyle

V. Electric transportion A. Streetcars (mules to cables) B. 1888—Richmond, Virginia C. “El” trains (Chicago) D. led to growth of suburbs and commuting to work.

A Changing Lifestyle

VI.Urban Planning A. Frederick Law Olmstead B. parks, family areas, “designated lands” for specific purposes. C. Washington, DC VII. Printing A. easier and much cheaper B. Electricity C. more books meant a more literate society

A Changing Lifestyle VIII. Airplanes A. Orville and Wilbur Wright B. December 17, 1903—Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. IX.Photography A. George Eastman—Kodak camera B. 1888—first “portable” camera ($25.00)

A Changing Lifestyle X.Public Education A. By 1895, weeks of “formal education” was required. B. school was strict and rigid (p. 283) C. William Torrey Harris promoted early learning programs and kindergartens. D. Less than half of all African-American children attended school.

A Changing Lifestyle X.Public Education E. High Schools 1. with industrial and urban growth, new skills were required. 2. vocational training (skill) for men and women (office).

A Changing Lifestyle XI.Recreation A. spectator sports B. leisure sports like cycling and tennis C. amusement parks 1. Chicago World’s Fair (1883) 2. Coney Island (1884)

A Changing Lifestyle XII. Newspapers A. Joseph Putlizer B. William Randolph Hearst XIII. Shopping A. department stores B. chain stores C. catalogs and RFD delivery

Politics from I.Election of 1876 A. Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Samuel Tilden (D) B. Electoral college vote

Politics from II.Election of 1880 A. James A. Garfield (R) Winfield Hancock (D) B. assassination of Garfield 1. The Pendleton Act a. created the Secret Service b. created the Civil Service 2. Chester Arthur

Politics from III.Election of 1884 A. Grover Cleveland (D) James Blaine (R) B. candidate integrity

Politics from IV.Election of 1888 A. Benjamin Harrison (R) Grover Cleveland (D) B. tariffs

Politics from IV.Election of 1892 A. Grover Cleveland (D) Benjamin Harrison (R) James Weaver (P) B. silver vs. gold

Politics from V.Election of 1896 A. William McKinley (R) William Jennings Bryan (D) B. Campaign style

Politics from VI.Other political activities A. political machines B. political bosses C. voter fraud D. graft E. Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall F. patronage (“the spoils system”)