La crisis económica y sus consecuencias para las mujeres y los menores de edad Aarn Terrazas Aaron Terrazas Associate Policy Analyst, Migration Policy Institute Cambios recientes en el patrón migratorio de las familias:

The Global Economic Crisis was Dramatic and Unexpected Real Gross Domestic Product, Actual and Forecasted Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, various years in Papademetriou, Sumption and Terrazas, forthcoming 2010.

Unemployment has increased broadly across the OECD Seasonally adjusted quarterly unemployment rate, 2000 to 2009 Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Harmonized unemployment rates in Papademetriou, Sumption and Terrazas, forthcoming 2010.

What does this mean for immigration? (I) Several general hypotheses have emerged on how immigration flows evolve and how immigrants fare in the labor market. On immigration flows: 1.The more closely a specific immigration flow is tied to the labor market, the more it should slow or decline during a recession. 2.Immigrants who have stable, secure legal status in the destination country are more likely to return home if they face economic hardship.

Slowing unauthorized inflows Unauthorized immigrant stock, 2007 to 2009 Source: Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population.

What does this mean for immigrants in the labor market? On immigrants in the labor market: 1.Overall, immigrants and natives have fared similarly in the labor market, but certain subgroups of immigrants have fared much worse than others. 1.Differences in age, education, and gender explain most differences in labor market vulnerability during the recession.

Note: Unemployment rates are not seasonally adjusted. Source: Migration Policy Institute analysis of Monthly Basic Current Population Survey, 2006 to 2009 in Papademetriou, Sumption and Terrazas, forthcoming Certain groups have fared worse Quarterly unemployment rate, 2006 to 2009

Source: Migration Policy Institute analysis of data from the Monthly Basic Current Population Survey, 2006 to Demographics explain most of the differences in labor market outcomes Quarterly unemployment rate, 2006 to 2009

Part II: Immigrant women

Source: US Census Bureau, Decennial Census, 1870 to 2000; 2008 American Community Survey. Immigrant stock by gender, 1870 to 2008

Source: Migration Policy Institute analysis of data from the Monthly Basic Current Population Survey, 2006 to Notes: Includes immigrants entering the United States in 2000 or later. Immigrant stock by gender, 2006 to 2009 Total foreign bornRecent immigrants Male Female

Source: Migration Policy Institute analysis of data from the Monthly Basic Current Population Survey, 2006 to Notes: Includes immigrants entering the United States in 2000 or later, ages 16 to 55. Employment status of recent immigrants Growing numbers of recent immigrant women are in the labor force

In the past, female migration increased (in relative terms) as families consolidated and employment migration declined. But the entrance of women into the labor force may have changed this. Occupations dominated by women have suffered fewer job losses during the recession than occupations dominated by men. Conclusions: Immigrant women

Part III: Immigrant children

Immigrant children: 1870 to 2008 In relative terms, the number of immigrant children has been declining since the 1980s. Source: US Census Bureau, Decennial Census, 1870 to 2000; 2008 American Community Survey.

In real terms, the number of immigrant children began declining during the 2000s Immigrant children: 1870 to 2008

Source: Migration Policy Institute analysis of data from the Monthly Basic Current Population Survey, 2006 to Immigrant children: 2006 to 2009 The recession has accelerated the long-term trend toward declining child migration

Source: Migration Policy Institute analysis of data from a pooled sample of 2007 and 2008 American Community Survey data. Children in immigrant households, 2008 Note: Children age 19 and under.

Source: Jeff Passel, Demography of Immigrant Youth: Past, Present, and Future. Children in immigrant households, long-term trends

Children in immigrant households, 2008 Note: Children age 17 and under. Source: March Supplement to the 2008 Current Population Survey in Jeff Passel, Demography of Immigrant Youth: Past, Present, and Future million total11.2 million total Total immigrant householdsMexican immigrant households

Child migration is slowing, reflecting longer- term trends independent of the recession. Shift to the second generation; but there is also non-negligible emigration among the second generation. Peripheral issues: child poverty, state budget cuts for K-12 education (US). Conclusions: Immigrant children

Aaron Terrazas Associate Policy Analyst Migration Policy Institute