Warm-up 10/8/2011 Is there any reason you would have to leave the United States over? Think about the perspective of an immigrant why could they possibly want to leave their country?

Ch. 13 sec 1 Immigration

Coming to America million Europeans immigrated to the United States By the late 1890s Most of the people are from Eastern or Southern Europe Places like, Italy, Greece, Austria-Hungry Russia and Serbia

Ellis Island Many new immigrants were first taken to Ellis Island on the east coast and Angel Island on the west coast Each immigrant would have to go through series health exams before moving on into the country.

Ethnic Cities Immigrants lived in neighborhoods often separated into ethnic groups Little Italy or the Jewish Lower East Side How well immigrants adjusted depended on: 1. Learned English and adapted American culture 2. Market-able Skills or money 3. If they settled among members of their own ethnic group

East and West Nativism Many citizens viewed the mass of immigrants as a threat to the future of the country. The immigration restriction league pushed for literacy tests for those coming from Southern and Eastern Europe. Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882 Congress passed this act to barred Chinese immigration for 10 yrs and prevented Chinese already in the U.S. from becoming citizens.

Growth of cities The physical appearance of cities changed dramatically. As land prices went up so did the emphasis on building Skyscrapers began to dot city sky line Louis Sullivan was the mind behind this movement.

Separation of classes High society: A small group in society established fashionable districts. Middle class: Generally workers in the industrial factories. Eventually they would move from the central city to escape the pollution. The working class: People who lived and worked in an urban environment, their major goal was to own a home. Lived in dark multi family apartments., Known as tenements.

Urban problems Crime was a growing problem in cities. both major and minor crimes grew. Families grew farther apart as children were expected to work Jacobb Riiis brought these issues along with housing problems in the other half.

Tenement houses As some in society were allowed to thrive and be comfortable falling under social Darwinism, most of the city population were poor immigrants. These immigrants settled into tenement houses. Tenement houses are large apartment building loaded with small rooms. Normally one small room would fit a family of 7 people or more. Tenement houses were know to be fire traps.

Political machines As cites grew so did the corruption of local government. Political machines: were informal political group designed to gain an keep power because cities grown faster the government New city dwellers needs homes and jobs. The party bosses who controlled these machines were able to provide this. In exchange for votes. The most renowned political machine was William Tweed and his political office in Tammany Hall.

Gilded age The term was refined by the works of the popular Mark Twain The term refers to an item that looks like gold on the outside but is really cheap on the inside. Twain used this concept to refer to America at this time. The rich made things look good but in reality society was poor.

Social Darwinism A gentlemen by the name of Herbert Spencer took Charles Darwin’s idea of evolution and applied it to American society. This theory backed the concept of Laissez Faire and explained the social classes. People were simply poor, because they could not adapt to change as well as the rich.

Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth Carnegie took the idea of Social Darwinism and adapted it to his own ideas about society. It was his belief that those who were more fortunate should help the poor, instead of take advantage of them.

Plessy V. Ferguson This is the court case that created segregation in the first place. Daniel Plessy a light skinned African American sat in a white only section of a train. He was asked to move to the black only. He refused and kicked off the train. The question was could that train company separate black and white passengers. The supreme court stated that areas could be segregated if they were “Separate but Equal”

Jim Crow Laws Existed after Plessey ruling a series of laws know of Jim Crow Laws were put in place to continue segregation. Laws like literacy test for African American’s to vote. Theses were also known as de facto segregation. Went from late 1867 to 1964.

African Americans that spoke out Booker T. Washington: Created the Tuskegee institute to teach African Americans about simple life skills. Created the African American Scientist George Washington Carver. Web Dubious: Author and creator of the Niagara movement pushed for African Americans to protest for their rights. John Hopkins University would be the first college to create segregated graduation program.

Women’s suffrage Susan B. Anthony pushed the suffrage movement claiming the 14 th amendment gave her right to vote. Anthony voted but it was seen as illegal. In time the National American Women’s Suffrage Association was formed or NAWSA Which fought for suffrage and for women to change to match the modernizing world

Social Gospel The idea that religion(Christianity )will be the force to change society, and people will try to help the poor. YMCA: (Young Men’s Christian Association) Went out and tried to young adult males off the streets. Putting them in Christian community center that increased literacy. Salvation Army: Worked to provide temporary homes food shelter and clothing for poor families as well as teach children.

Settlement Houses To fight the rise of tenement houses in lower class areas we saw the growth of settlement houses. Provided cheap housing to poor workers. Child care for parents that were away at work. Small education programs and community events. Jane Adams ran the most famous settlement house known as Hull House.