Council of Ephesus & Council of Chalcedon

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Presentation transcript:

Council of Ephesus & Council of Chalcedon Pre-Servant’s Course 02.26.2013

Place: Ephesus, Asia Minor COUNCIL OF EPHESUS Date: 431 AD Place: Ephesus, Asia Minor Participants: 200 bishops Reason for Council: Respond to Nestorianism & defended the faith

Founder: Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople COUNCIL OF EPHESUS KEY HERESY - NESTORIANISM Founder: Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople Disapproved of addressing Mary as “Theotokos” but as “Christotokos”(gave birth to just a baby not God himself) Separated the Christ’s divine and human mortal nature after union (Incarnation)

Term “Theotokos” is biblical and ancient COUNCIL OF EPHESUS: OUTCOME KEY DEFENSE Term “Theotokos” is biblical and ancient If we don’t believe Mary as “Theotokos”, then we don’t believe Jesus Christ as God  which leads us to deny the whole Trinity If Mary gave birth to Christ (human being only) then our salvation cannot be fulfilled for a simple man separated from God can’t be the Savior If we separate the two natures of our Lord Jesus Christ, then it contradicts the liturgy We will be eating the flesh and blood of a human being (according to Nestorius’s definition)

Affirmed Mary as the “Theotokos” COUNCIL OF EPHESUS: OUTCOME Affirmed Mary as the “Theotokos” Excommunicated Nestorius and his writings Affirmed that Christ is the Incarnated Logos and we cannot separate the human and divine nature of Christ after Incarnation.

The 24 th Patriarch of Alexandria since 412 COUNCIL OF EPHESUS: KEY FIGURE The 24 th Patriarch of Alexandria since 412 His maternal uncle Theophilus was the former patriarch of Alexandria Strongly refuted Arianism and Nestorianism in his writings Also wrote on the Pentateuch, one of the 12 minor Prophets and Gospel of John and luck Major writings also include a defense of Christianity against pagan attacks. Find another icon – st. mary coptic church of pasadena, ca Saint Cyril

Place: Chalcedon, modern day Istanbul COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON Date: 451 AD Place: Chalcedon, modern day Istanbul Participants: 370 bishops Reason for Council: Nestorianism reemerged and the Church had to readdress it

Same defense as the one provided in Council of Ephesus COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON KEY DEFENSE Same defense as the one provided in Council of Ephesus Pope of Rome Leon send to the Synod an official letter concerning the nature of Jesus Christ Mixed response to his letter, because some of the bishops saw elements of Nestorianism in this letter Excommunicated Pope Diascorus of Alexandria Diascorus refused the tome of Leon A split occurred as a result

Orthodox church split into two COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON: OUTCOME Greeks/Byzantine Russia America Romania Czech Republic Poland, Finland Calcedonians Orthodox church split into two Coptic Syria Armenia Ethiopia Eretria Malabar (India) Non-Calcedonians