C H A P T E R Innisfree McKinnon University of Oregon © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outline 9 The Inland South

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Environmental Setting –Setting & economic patterns –Four landform regions –Natural hazards Historical Settlement –Native Americans and colonialism –Secession and the Civil War

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Political Economy –The New Deal & the TVA –Coal Mining –Cotton & Tobacco Culture, People, Places –The Inland South vs. the Coastal South –Places in the Eastern, Western, and Central Inland South –The rise of the tertiary and quaternary sectors

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The Four Landforms of the Inland South Portions of the Atlantic Coastal Plain –Flat land, sandy soils, and meandering rivers –Some parts have large swamps The Piedmont –Home to many of the Inland South's largest cities –Fall line settlements The Appalachians –Has highest peak in all of eastern N. America –Extends up to Newfoundland –Not affected by glaciation –Reduced erosion North America Interior Lowland –Penetrate into the Inland South in Kentucky and Tennessee

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Climate and Hazards Humid Subtropical Climate –Southern Appalachians affect local climate –Winters generally mild Hurricanes –Bring copious amounts of rain in late simmer and early fall. Tornadoes –Occur regularly, especially in flat regions of central Mississippi and Alabama Abundant Precipitation –Heaviest in spring and summer –Flooding, can drop 2' water or more in a few days

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Tennessee Valley Authority Created in 1930s to –Control flooding on Tennessee River –Generate hydroelectric power Floods –Loss of life –Property damage –Wash away crops and soil –Made worse by deforestation

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Historical Settlement Large Native American population –Evidence of trading with Central America English colonization, 17 th century President Andrew Jackson –Indian Removal Act –Trail of Tears

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Civil War and Slavery Secession Agriculture required large labor force –Slavery Post-bellum –Tenancy & Sharecropping Jim Crow –Second-class citizens & Poverty

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Post Civil War Early 20 th Century –U.S. restricts immigration –Great Migration of African Americans from the Inland South to the industrial jobs in the north. –Between 1916 and 1920 ~500,000 African Americans move from the South, to jobs in the north. Latter part of 20 th Century –European immigration & some returning African Americans –Influx of a significant number of Latinos

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Pull –Industrial jobs –Demand due to U.S. immigration restrictions –Higher wages –Opportunity for equality –Freedom Push Pull Factors for African-American Migration Push –Harsh economics of Tenancy system –"Jim Crow" laws –Second-class citizens –Violence –Mechanization of agriculture

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Economics of the 19 th and early 20 th Century Largely Agrarian and low-wage industry Historically poorest part of U.S. Featured sharecropping and tenancy institutions –Tenancy Rented farm land Owned farming equipment Kept money earned from selling crops and livestock –Sharecroppers Owned no equipment Paid no rent Just provided labor Shared profits with landowner

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Developments of the 1930s Textile industry moved from New England to the Inland South The New Deal brought large number of public works to the Inland South –Rural Electrification Board Provide electricity to rural southerners –Tennessee Valley Authority Provide public power Reduce flooding Create jobs Numerous military bases built in the Inland South

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. A Time of Change Southerners typically stereotypes as lazy, prejudiced, ignorant, bigoted, and uneducated –Scopes trial of 1925 –Scottsboro Boys case of 1931 Rapid economic growth factors –1950s–60s Civil rights movement –1964 Civil Rights Act –1965 Voting Rights Act Federal validation of African American rights

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. A Time of Change Rapid economic growth factors –1950s–60s Civil rights movement –1964 Civil Rights Act –1965 Voting Rights Act Federal validation of African American rights Low cost of living Air conditioning Lack of labor unions

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Primary and Secondary Sectors Decline of the importance of farming Cotton –Eli Whitney's cotton –boll weevil infestations Diversification of agriculture in the Inland South –Corn –Tobacco –Vidalia Onions –Livestock (Hogs, Turkeys, chickens, etc…) –Forestry

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Primary and Secondary Sectors Mining –Coal production in Kentucky and West Virginia Underground mining Strip mining –Causes environmental damage –Less dangerous than underground mining Mountaintop removal mining

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Primary and Secondary Sectors Attractive to Manufacturing –Lack of unions –Plentiful labor –Low wages –Increasing status of Inland South as distribution center International corporations invested heavily –Foreign-owned car factories

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Tertiary and Quaternary Sectors Rise in economic importance in last half century Disproportionately large share of military bases and installations Tourism

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Culture, People, & Places With integration, the Inland South has lost some distinctiveness Increasing recognized as a major U.S. cultural center Nearly all major genres of music have southern roots –Jazz & Blues –Country music –Rock & Roll

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Culture, People, & Places Major historical figures –Robert E. Lee –Stonewall Jackson –Fontaine Maury More modern icons –Elvis Presley –Johnny Cash –"Tennessee" Earnie Ford –Paul "Bear" Bryant –Dale Earnhardt

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. East Inland South Virginia – NE part of Megalopolis. –(SW more typical of Inland South) West Virginia – nearly all within the Appalachian physiographic region North Carolina – divided between coastal plain, Piedmont, and Appalachian sections –Research Triangle Park South Carolina – European capital investment Georgia – Atlanta largest city in South, and known as "The City Too Busy To Hate"

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Central Inland South Kentucky – "Bluegrass State," Kentucky Derby (tourism), Coal Tennessee – Burgeoning music industry, Country Music Hall of Fame, Grand Ole Opry, "Birthplace of Rock and Roll?" Alabama – Birmingham: steel producing center, six blocks civil rights district. Montgomery: Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks Mississippi – Impoverished, catfish, casino gambling

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Western Inland South Arkansas – Poverty, western Arkansas known as retirement center Northern Louisiana – Shreveport: distribution center Eastern Oklahoma – traditionally "Indian Territory" Now home to headquarters for the Five Civilized Tribes –Also Pottawotamie, Osage, Sac and Fox, and Kiowa-Comanche

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Future of the Inland South Historically viewed as a backwater of the U.S. There is a new South in the last 50 years or so –More mainstream and integrated into global and national economies –Increasing influence in popular culture –Experiencing significant growth Atlanta, Nashville and Orlando have emerged as important centers for communication media Has become more attractive to immigration

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Future of the Inland South Rural to urban migration increasing Sharp increases continuing in tertiary and quaternary economic sectors Future less bright for places oriented primarily to agriculture or manufacturing

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. End Chapter 9