Urbanization Romanticism William Wordsworth Ludwig von Beethoven Realism Charles Dickens Leo Tolstoy Henrick Ibsen Impressionism
Raw material were sent to factories New products manufactured in factories Products distributed to buyers Cities needed › Factories › Large work force › Reliable transportation network › Stores, offices, warehouses
Lowell, Massachusetts one of the first to have all Growth by textile mill Employed young women from countryside and new Europeans Meatpacking in Chicago Population grew from 300,000 in 1850 to 1.7 million by 1900
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for steel Lively and fast paced › Streetcars, horse drawn carriages › Merchants › New construction Population density affected health › Smoky air from coal › Smog kills in 1873 and 1879
1800’s people kept arriving to avoid › Hunger › Political oppression › discrimination 1870 – million people immigrated % of New Yorkers were foreign born
Most lived a miserable life on arrival Jacob Riss describe New York’s apartments and tenements
Cities modernized their water and sewer systems Plumbing allowed families clean drinking water, toilets and bathtubs Electricity- vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, electric stoves
Living space became scarce1883 William Le Baron built the first skyscraper in Chicago › 10 stories tall › 4 years later the high speed elevator was invented 1863 London opened the first subway
1860’s Napoleon III created parks People in Paris had a place for healthy recreation Frederick Olmstead designed parks for the United States
People moved out to new areas called suburbs Less crowded, cleaner, quieter Public transportation helped them grow 1800’s streetcars and ferries linked cities to suburbs Later were bus and railroad lines
Increased industrialization increased the need for education Factories needed managers, engineers Armed forces grew needed leaders who knew about the world
People became involved with Politics 1870 governments passed laws to educate children Most countries only required elementary education Some governments funded high schools
Lower class kids only stayed in school as required by law Many quit to go to work Vocational and technical schools gave working class more opportunities 1881 Booker T. Washington founded a school to train African Americans to be teachers
Girls in lower classes lagged behind Most girls did not go beyond elementary Few girls in high school took science and math Women’s colleges started to open
Starting printing newspapers Stories published in weekly segments kept readers coming back Pick a newspaper that agreed with your view Reporting of foreign affairs by telegraph Made up to date coverage available
Soccer, Football, baseball became popular Railroads could transport sports fans Working class families could take the train for a vacation Seaside resorts became popular
1800’s governments built concert halls and theatres Public funding made tickets affordable Museums opened- Louvre in Paris
1800’s Romanticism- emphasis on intuition and feeling Reaction to enlightenment rationalism and early abuses of Industrial Revolution Major characteristics › Love of nature › Affection for past › Importance of imagination
William Wordsworth- expressed romantic spirit through poetry Ludwig van Beethoven- celebrated human freedom in his work Mid 1800’s realism › Revealed details of everyday life › No matter how unpleasant
Charles Dickens wrote Hard Times about the struggle of England’s poor › Pollution › Exploitation › Miseries of industrialization Leo Tolstoy- wrote War and Peace showed war as horrible and chaotic
Henrik Iibsen- A Doll’s House about unfair treatment of women within families 1860 Impressionism New way of looking at the world Impression of the scene using light, vivid color, and motion, rather than realistic details