"Bringing Discipline-Based Research into the Classroom" “… universities should treat learning as not yet wholly solved problems and hence always in research mode” Wilhelm von Humboldt on the future University of Berlin (1810, cited by Elton, 2005, 110) Please Sit in groups of 3-4 …. Ensure you have session handout Discuss whether Humboldt’s vision is what should and could be ‘delivered’ for all undergraduate students in all disciplines and all faculty in higher education. For the moment these discussions are private!

Alan Jenkins; Professor Emeritus Oxford Brookes UK; Consultant UK H.E. Academy and QAA Scotland Teacher and to an extent a researcher of (Human) Geography and Contemporary China studies, mainly in the UK Graduate student at Madison Wisconsin Founding editor of the Journal of Geography in Higher Education Then moved into faculty development Research and policy interests in teaching /discipline research relations and in adapting US style ‘undergraduate research’ to other national contexts

Materials to support this session Four side paper handout distributed Full 39 page handout and session powerpoint on web at te/jenkins-workshop-rsvp Range of publications at search/cetl/ugresearch/ studiesactivelearning/undergraduate/index.cfm These are publicly available for you to use

Available from the HE Academy

Session structure 1 Setting the scene 2 Exploring your views 3Different ways of integrating teaching and research 4Analysing a Case Study 5 What is undergraduate research? 6Case studies of mainstreaming undergraduate research and inquiry 7Conclusion: your perspectives 8Issues of curriculum design and coherence 9 Conclusion: my perspectives

Three Key Perspectives Universities should treat learning as not yet wholly solved problems and hence always in research mode.” Wilhelm von Humboldt on the future University of Berlin (1810, cited by Elton, 2005, 110) “In constructing links between research and teaching the discipline is an important mediator.” Healey (2005, 67) "..The research universities have often failed, and continue to fail their undergraduate populations, thousands of students graduate without seeing the world - famous professors or tasting genuine research." Boyer Commission on Educating Undergraduates in the Research University (2003,3)

Undergraduate research and inquiry: line-up ‘Undergraduate research should be for ALL undergraduates’ Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree

Undergraduate research and inquiry: line-up “It would be easy to ‘mainstream’ undergraduate research and inquiry for all students in all disciplines in my institution” Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree

What is meant by linking teaching and research? The University’s account argues strongly for the continuing and crucial value of the link between teaching and research … In practice …the audit team found that there was very little systematic reflection within the University about just what was meant by the claimed interdependence of research and teaching.” Higher Education Quality Council (1997: 3) Audit of Exeter University.(emphasis added)

Different ways of linking teaching and research Learning about others’ research Learning to do research – research methods Learning in research mode – enquiry based Pedagogic research – enquiring and reflecting on learning

STUDENTS AS PARTICIPANTS EMPHASIS ON RESEARCH CONTENT EMPHASIS ON RESEARCH PROCESSES AND PROBLEMS STUDENTS AS AUDIENCE Research-tutored Research-based Research-led Research-oriented The nature of undergraduate research and inquiry

Introducing students to staff research: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College, London In January of their first year mechanical engineering students were divided into groups of 4-5 students Each group was given an engineering ‘artefact’ e.g. a safety razor; the bottom frame of a bicycle…. In the next few weeks groups could knock on the doors of any of the department’s research groups and ask questions around the issue of ‘what research are you doing that might effect how this artefact will look like and function in c.5 years time?’ Later all student groups presented a poster which provided a summary of their findings The poster session was held in large public space in the department with some 700 attending; academic staff, support staff, postgraduates and first year and other students

Analysing a Case Study: Three questions 1.Use that framework to decide what form of undergraduate research /inquiry is apparent there ? Are students in research-based or research-led mode …? Are they participants or an audience for faculty research? 2.Think organisationally-what has the (head of) department done to set up this activity? 3.How transferable would this be to other disciplines?

What is undergraduate research and inquiry? “An inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate student that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline” Council for Undergraduate Research Adopts a broad definition of the undergraduate as researcher to describe student engagement at all levels in research and inquiry into disciplinary, professional and community-based problems and issues University of Gloucestershire “Programmes that support undergraduate research should: –Encourage and enable students to learn in ways that parallel or reflect the ways faculty/staff themselves research/learn in their discipline/professional area. Jenkins 2008

Our argument: a ‘research active curriculum’ All undergraduate students in all higher education institutions should experience learning through, and about, research and inquiry. We argue, as does much recent US experience, that such curricular experience should and can be mainstreamed for all or many students through a research-active curriculum. We argue that this can be achieved through structured interventions at course team, departmental, institutional and national levels. ( Healey and Jenkins, 2009, 3)

Why value undergraduate research in the ‘mainstream’ undergraduate curriculum “For the students who are the professionals of the future, developing the ability to investigate problems, make judgments on the basis of sound evidence, take decisions on a rational basis, and understand what they are doing and why is vital. Research and inquiry is not just for those who choose to pursue an academic career. It is central to professional life in the twenty-first century.” Brew (2007, 7)

A focus on undergraduate research can help faculty ….and librarians … Managing two ( conflicting?) roles –the work of Carol Colbeck Stanford Ph D (now Univ of Mass Boston) Ernest Boyer – ‘Scholarship Reconsidered’ Chapter 3. ‘The Faculty: A Mosaic of Talent’. Librarians, IT professionals …. can be seen and valued for their key contributions to supporting undergraduate research and inquiry

Analysing Case Studies In your groups analyse one or more of the case studies in the session handout. To what extent does the case study demonstrate that undergraduates can learn through doing research? To what extent does the way students learn in the case study ‘parallel ’ how faculty research in that discipline? To what extent would key features of the case study be transferable to other disciplines? There will be no plenary discussion. You have till ….

Mainstreaming undergraduate research and inquiry: your conclusions What conclusions / observations do YOU now make about the view that all undergraduate students should: “experience the process of artistic and scientific productivity” (Hattie and Marsh, 1966, 544) and in particular that this should be achieved by ‘mainstreaming’ undergraduate research and inquiry YOUR observations are …

The Experience of QAA Scotland National Quality Assurance intervention re teaching /research linkages in disciplines and institutions “While there are wide ranging innovative examples of practice and policy in all institutions, much of this is implicit and not systematically developed or supported…. While the evidence was strong of effective examples of practice at final year level (e.g. some form of research project), institutions / departments / schools need to ensure that these research attributes are developed systematically through programmes from year one in a structured manner.” (Jenkins 2009)

Course team and department strategies Review understanding and practice of undergraduate research and inquiry Develop a set of related curricula interventions starting in year one Give students experience of undertaking research and inquiry with different levels of independence Link undergraduate research and inquiry to student employability Ensure assessment/grading practices and policies support students as researchers Include all and be selective

Mainstreaming undergraduate research and inquiry: My Conclusions Getting students to learn through doing research is a powerful way to re-link teaching and research for all students Adopting a broader definition of undergraduate research than is currently common is a way forward which should benefit the learning of students in institutions with a range of different missions For some people though this may dilute what is undergraduate research Key institutional challenges include introducing inquiry / research in year one; balancing opportunities for all and for selected students; and ensuring a structured research experience through all undergraduate programmes. Institutional and national research policies could more effectively support undergraduate research and inquiry

Four web sites Adapting US undergraduate research to the UK and other international contexts www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/research/cetl/ugre search/ www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/research/cetl/ugre search/ Leading, promoting and supporting undergraduate research in new universities (England) ex.cfm ex.cfm Council for Undergraduate Research (North America) Academy web site on Research and Teaching