The Great East Japan Earthquake

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The Great East Japan Earthquake How Should We Re-establish Disaster Management System? Thank you very much for this opportunity.70,000 trees You may have image that JPN has high technology, and advanced DM systems. Why was damage so enormous scale? 4 months already passed after the earthquanke. We are now studying what was happened on that day, March 11. You may have image that JPN has high technology, and advanced DM systems. Why was damage so enormous scale? Today, I would explain some facts amd consideration what we have found so far. We, JICA, are conducting disaster management projects in developing countries by utilizing Japanese technology. I visited devastated sites, and am considering that paradigm shift of our technology systems may be required. Definitely, we have advanced technology, precise simulation model, construction of higher dyke, and sophisticated early warning systems. My question is: do we, engineers, see faces of users of our technology? The users are victims and affected people by the tsunami. Do we explain our technologies’ limitation, assumption, and philosophy? For example, did we explain local communities that white areas of hazard maps never mean completely safe from any scale of disasters? As an engineer engaging in disaster management, I am thinking of, we need to reestablish, or reorganize our disaster management systems to put loal people and communities at the center of our activities. Mikio Ishiwatari, Ph.D Japan International Cooperation Agency 8 September 2011

Contents I. Damage II. Earthquake & Tsunami III. How Japanese Technology Worked? IV. Consideration for Re-establishinng Disaster Management System

I. Damage

Damage excluding Nuclear Power Plant Disaster Sector TOTAL Amount 16.9 tril. JPY 200 bil. USD Builiding 10 tril. JPY 120 bil. USD Lifeline 1.3 tri. JPY 16 bil. USD Infrastrcture 2.2 tri. JPY 26 bil USD Agri, fishery 1.9 tri. JPY 24 bil USD others 1.1 tri. JPY 14 bil USD

Rehabilitation Progress as of 25 August Evacuee: 38,000 people Temporaly Shelter Prefabricated and rented house 45,000 people + 89,000 houses

reconstruction plan Reconstruction Committee Proposed village fishery facilities evacuation tower tsunami dyke

II. Earthquake and Tsunami 2017/4/21

Death Ratio by Tsunami Great East Japan 2.7% 0.7% Meiji Sanriku 23.9% Death+Missing/ Population Tsunami Deat+ Missing Iwate Miyagi Fukushima Max. Hight M Great East Japan 2011 20,000 2.7% 6576 242312 0.7% 11708 1674318 0.1% 1848 1466358 40.2 m 9.0 Meiji Sanriku 1896 22,000 23.9% 18158 76114 11.5% 3452 30019 - 38.2 8.2-8.5 Syowa Sanriku 1933 3,000 2.0% 2667 130846 0.9% 307 35964 28.7 8.1 Chile 1960 142 62 54 4 (9.5) over 100 yrs ago. 80 yrs, 50 yrs ago. Source: Cabinet office and others

III. How JPN Technology Worked? 1. 100 yrs ago: Land use & Development 2. Last Yr: Prediction ==2011, 3.11, 2:46 Earthquake== 3. Against Earthquake ==30-1 hr laterTsunami== 4. Dyke 5. Hazard map 6. Warning 7. Evacuation 8. Community 2017/4/21

Moved to Highlands in 1896, and Safe This Time 1. Landuse & Development 1. Landuse & Development Yoshihama Town Moved to Highlands in 1896, and Safe This Time 明Following tsunami in 1933, 43 communities moved to high gorund. Most backed to original places after 10 yrs治津波後の高地移転は43か所で行われ、そのうち集団移転は7か所のみでした。ほとんどが10年経過した辺りから浜辺の原地へ戻りました。理由は、①居住地から浜が遠すぎる、②高地で飲料水が不足、③交通路不便、④先祖伝来の土地に対する執着心、⑤津波未経験者の移住、⑥津波襲来が頻繁でない、 首藤2011

1. Landuse & Development 2. Development current Kesennuma 100yrs ago City 100yrs ago in 1906 明治から昭和人口は30万人、現在は3倍 水谷(2011) Inundated areas

2. How JPN Gov. predicted? Earthquake Prediction in 2010 Miyagi 99% in 30 yrs but M 8.0 Fukushima 7% in 30 yrs fukushima Our GOv. released their prediction of earthquakes throughout the country. they said 99% in Miyagi in 30 yrs. this means it may happen tommrow. good prediction. However they predicted the sclale of M8. this means the earthquake M9 is 30 times bigger. they predicted one 30th only. Furhermore in fukushima, they prdicted 7% only. this means low priority in this area. This is the limitation of our earthquake prediction. Headquarters for Earthquake REsearch Promotoion (2010)

Tsunami Prediction ibaraki fukushima 2. prediction observed 40m Miyagi Iwate fukushima Aomori prediction MLIT

3. Counter measures against earthquake worked Based on lessons learned from Kobe Earthquake in 1994, Retrofitting Work Promoted. Kobe Earthquake 1995

Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System 3. Against Earthquake Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System UrEDAS Safely Stopped all bullet trains, Shinkansen, before main wave. earthquake P wave monitoring station S wave transformer substation cut electric supply 270 Km / h MOFA

4. Did Dyke Work? If Tsunami is Lower, Dyke Worked, of Course. Fudai Town; 15.5m dike protected town.

High mound road blocked Tsunami 4. dyke High mound road blocked Tsunami East Sendai Highway Most areas under 10m Elevation level washed away by Tsunami at Sendai and Natori, (Source: PASCO)

Tsunami Higher than Dykes Dyke Height tsunami height iwate 190km / 300km damage / total miyagi 釜石防波堤 m8.5 明治三陸津波を想定 fukushima MLIT

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station 4. dyke ・これは4月11日の東京電力のプレスリリースであり、皆さんもインターネットで見ることができます。 ・当初、基準水位から6m弱の津波を想定した予防策を行っていた。 ・しかし、実際には、14m程度の高さのものが到達したと報告されており、内部まで浸水した。 (Source:Website of Tokyo Electronic Power Company http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/betu11_e/images/110409e9.pdf) 1-11 19

5. Warning actual timing 3m 6m issued 3 min. after earthquake But, estimated height: 3m revised 6, 10m Aomori obs. Iwate Miyagi black:obs. blue: warning fukushima 3:30 PM 2:46 2:49 JMA

6. Hazard Map Did Not Worked Enough Natori City: Did not show Hazard Areas Predicted Smaller Area Source: GSI http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/sabomizusi/bousai/bou-ht2.html

Death in White (Safe Predicted) Area 6. Hazard Map Death in White (Safe Predicted) Area Kamaishi City white area risk area 65% 35% modification from Sankei Shinbun

Have you seen Hazard Map? In Natori and Kamaishi Cities Yes No 72.5% cabinet office

7. Evacuation Successful by Students in Kamaishi City students started evacuation promptly and voluntarily, following their experiences of evacuation drills. ・ 釜石市の小学生1,927人、中学生999人(H23.3.1時点)のうち、津波襲来時時において学校の管理下にあった児童・生徒については、適切な対応行動をとることによって、一人の犠牲者もだすことなく、大津波から生き残ることができました。また、市内の幼稚園児、保育園児においても、犠牲者はゼロでした。釜石市はこれまでの継続的な津波防災教育のより、地域の将来の担い手であり、地域の財産である“子どもたちの命”を守ることに成功しました! ・ 一方、津波襲来時において学校管理下でなかった児童・生徒については、残念ながら5名が犠牲となってしまいました(H23.4.13時点)。 ・ 地震発生時、釜石東中学校ではすでに授業終了時刻であったため、校庭で部活動を行う生徒、校内で課外活動を行う生徒など、学内の様々な場所に点在していた。一方、鵜住居小学校では放下直前であり、多くの児童は校舎内に滞在していた。 (群馬大学広域首都圏防災研究センター) ・ 釜石東中学校では、大きな揺れの最中、副校長が校内放送を使って全校生徒に避難の指示を出すことを試みた。しかし、地震発生直後、停電になってしまったため、それをすることができない。仕方なく、ハンドマイクで生徒に校庭への避難の呼びかけを試みるようとしたが、それは不要であった。多くの生徒は地震の揺れの大きさから“ただ事”ではないことを察知し、各々で揺れから身を守るための最善の対応を行い、揺れがおさまった後に、自らの判断で校庭に集合し始めたのである。そして、ある教師が生徒に向かって、「逃げろ」と叫ぶと、運動部員を先頭に全生徒は予め決めておいた避難場所(ございしょの里)まで走り始めた。 ・ 一方の鵜住居小学校では、津波の襲来に備えて、全校児童を校舎の3階に移動させていた。しかし、中学生が避難していく様子を見て、すぐに校外への避難を決断する。釜石東中学校の生徒たちは、鵜住居小学校の児童にとって率先避難者となったのである。児童たちは中学生のあとを追って、ございしょの里まで走り始めた。 ・ ございしょの里まで走りきった小中学生はその場で点呼を取り、避難は無事に完了したかに見えた。しかし、ございしょの里の職員や生徒数名が、建物の裏山の崖が崩れていることを発見する。「ここも危険だから、もっと高いところに避難しよう」と生徒は先生に進言する。釜石東中学校の教師は、すぐにさらに高台にある介護福祉施設への避難が可能であるかどうかの確認に走る。避難可能の確認がとれ、小中学生はさらに高台までもう一度走り出す。 ・ このとき、すでに地震発生からかなりの時間が経過していた。一刻の猶予もない。中学生は訓練したとおりに、小学生の手を引き、避難を支援する。避難の道中、園児を抱えながら、たくさんの園児を乗せた散歩用の台車を押し、必死に避難する鵜住居保育園の保育士を生徒たちは確認する。ここでも生徒たちは教えられた通り、『助ける人』としての役割を果たすこととなる。保育士と一緒に園児を抱え、台車を押し、必死に避難する。 ・ 先頭を行く中学生が介護福祉施設に到着し、点呼を取り始めたとき、消防団員や周辺にいた地域住民の「津波が堤防を越えた!」という叫び声が聞こえた。「逃げろ!」襲い来る津波の恐怖に、子どもたちは福祉施設よりもさらに高台にある国道45号線沿いの石材店まで駆け上がる。中には敷地内の裏山まで駆け上がる生徒もいたほどだ。避難の列の最後尾の児童は、介護福祉施設にたどり着くまえに津波に追いつかれてしまう。とっさの判断で山を駆け上がり、間一髪のところで無事にみんなのところに合流することができた。 ・ 石材店にまで避難してきた子どもたちは、彼らの学舎が、そして見慣れた街並みが轟音とともに津波にのまれ、押し流されていく残酷な光景を目撃することとなる。しばらくののち、避難している場所が屋外であったため、屋内で滞在可能な場所への避難を開始する。先日開通したばかりの釜石山田道路(縦貫道)を通って、旧釜石第一中学校体育館まで移動し、そこで一晩を過ごした。翌日、鵜住居小学校の児童は甲子小学校へ、釜石東小学校の生徒は甲子中学校へと移送してもらい、避難生活を送ることとなった。こうして、津波襲来時に学校管理下にあった鵜住居小学校、釜石東中学校の児童・生徒約570人は無事に津波から生き残ったのである。 1. Never stick to original plan. 2. Do your best: Try to escape higher 3. Lead evacuation (Source: Research Center for Disaster Prevention in the Extended Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Gunma University) 24

A: Immediate evacuation B: After some works, Evacuation C: Not evacuation D: No need for evacuation cabinet office

Evacuation Shelter 7. Evacuation 南三陸 釜石 地盤面(被災前) 4階居室 建物屋上

8. How Community Responded Volunteer Firefighting Organization (Community-based & Part-time) At the risk of their own life, Gate Operation Tsunami Warning Tsunami Monitoring Lead Evacuation Death and Missiong: 201+48 http://ww.fdma.go.jp

Summary 3. Countermeasures against Earthquake 7. Disaster Management Education at School 6. Early warning 3min. 3m >3m 7. Evacuation Shelter 5. Hazard Map 4. Dyke How to Prepare? 2. Prediction M9 +Fukushima M8 Miyazaki/ Iwate 1,4. Resettlement, Secandary Dyke 1. Development (Urbanization and Nuclear Plant) at Risk Area

IV. Consideration for Re-establishing Disaster Management System 1. Technology functioned, and is needed to develop further 2. Issues: Need to put people at the center of system Because, - People utilize warning information for evacuation - People should understand that technology has limitation: dyke height, estimation or prediction is not always correct In other words: From Engineering-oriented to Human-oriented From Supply-driven to Demand-driven From Structure-based to integrating with community-based

Community-based Disaster Management Practices 1. flood warning 2. Hazard mapping 3. Risk communication

IV. Consideration for Re-establishing Disaster Management System 3. To Share Our Experiences In Return for Support & Kindness from the World 4. To Organize International Panel of Experts to Review Countermeasures Never Closed Process It is little bit early to say some conclusion, since our review works sitll on-going. I would say something i am considering now. Mark their own performance afger exam at school everybody will pass the exam. Officers in JPN gov. may be not happy with my presentation. They adviced, or instructed me that I should explain only positive areas of Japanese countermeasures, what worked. and never mention negative areas, what did not work. Against their advice and instruction, today i explained both. As an engineer engaging in DM, I am regretting myself. I could do many things before this disaster.