Presented by Alison Bruno & Maria Dorr South Huntington UFSD LIASCD Fall Annual Conference Finding Optimism in Changing Times Melville Marriott, Melville NY October 5, 2012

Dr. Jonathan Hughes, The Coming Waves, 2010

 Advantages of having English learners in your class  Challenges of having English learners in your class  Needs your English learners have in your class  Needs you have to teach English learners effectively

 EL: English Learner  EP: English Proficiency  LEP: Limited English Proficiency  ESL/ESOL: English as a Second Language; English for Speakers Other Languages  TESOL: Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages  L1/L2: 1 st Language; 2 nd Language  LTELs: Long Term English Learners  SIFE: Students with Interrupted Formal Education  SIOP: Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol

 Motivation  First Language Development  Language Distance and Attitude  Access to Language  Age  Personal Learning Style  Peers and Role Models  Quality of Instruction  Cultural Backgrounds/Goals

 Basic Interpersonal Communi c ation Skills (BICS) and Cognitive/Academic Language (CALP) refers to different language and communication skills based upon the work of Jim Cummins (1979), University of Toronto.  The difference forms of speech and language focuses on the varying timeframe typically required by ELL children to acquire conversational fluency in their second language as compared to grade-appropriate academic proficiency in that language.  Conversational fluency is often acquired within two years of initial exposure to the second language; at least five years is usually required for ELL to gain academic language of the second language  BICS/CALP (conversational/academic) distinction needs to be made to assist students and foster success.

Cummins Cognitively Undemanding Context- Reduced Cognitively Demanding Context- Embedded

 A means for making grade-level academic content (e.g., science, social studies, math) more accessible for English language learners while at the same time promoting their English language development  The practice of highlighting key language features and incorporating strategies that make the content comprehensible to students  An approach that can extend the time students have for getting language support services while giving them a jump start on the content subjects they need for graduation

Differentiated Instruction History AliveStandardsStrategies Cooperative LearningMultiple Intelligences Writers’ Workshop Reading IncentivesEssential Questions SIOP is the Overarching Concept with the focus on ELL Students.

Introduce & Present Engage in Activity Analyze Activities Practice/ Apply Link to Background or Review Share Objectives

 Lesson preparation  Building background  Comprehensible input  Strategies  Interaction  Practice/Application  Lesson Delivery  Review/Assessment

 Content objectives clearly defined and displayed and reviewed with students  Language objectives clearly defined, displayed, and reviewed with students  Content concepts appropriate for age and educational background level of students  Supplementary materials used to a high degree to make the lesson clear and meaningful  Adaptation of content to all levels of student proficiency  Meaningful activities that integrate lesson concepts with language practice (R,W,L,S)

 What is to be taught lesson activities  Task students need to complete  How to complete the task  Language skills needed to accomplish the lesson activities

 Compare/Contrast  Apply  Rank  Analyze  Design  Measure  Solve  Discover  Research  Compute  Search  Identify

 Describe  Explain  Discuss  Tell  Converse  Quick Write  Write  Journal  List  Log  Listen  Read  State  Label

Content Objective Students will be able to:  Explore three decisions about the atomic bomb that were faced by the U.S. during WWII, take a position on each, and defend their position orally Decision A: Whether to build an atomic bomb Decision B: Whether to drop an atomic bomb Decision C: Whether Truman made the right decision

Language Objectives Students will be able to:  Read information in a small group for each decision and reach consensus on a position by listening and discussing  State their position and orally defend it in a class dialogue  Disagree with prior speakers in a respectful manner  In writing, defend a position on whether or not it was justifiable to use the bomb on Japan

CONTENTLANGUAGE  Students will be about to describe the means of transportation used by Native Americans in New York during Colonial America time.  Students will be able to describe the importance of the canoe to Native American culture.  Students will be able t o review the text, interpret, and discuss pictures in the chapter, as well as identify and define key vocabulary terms.  Students will be able to use past tense to describe orally and in writing early Native American uses of the canoe.

 Maximized ability for reading comprehension and fluency is directed associated with knowledge of vocabulary.  To own a word, it means you possess the ability to define it, recognize when to use it, knowledge of multiple meanings, and ability to decode it and spell it correctly..  For ELLs, vocabulary development is essential to become a strong reader.  There is Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 vocabulary words.

 Tier 1 terms are words that ELLs typically know in their own language.  Need to know words: Ex: run, rain, talk, name, teacher, uncle  Some Tier 1 words are simple cognates ; these are high- frequency words in Spanish and English and may not require substantial instruction because students may know the word meanings in Spanish.  Examples: family/familia or preparation/preparación  Help students to watch out for false cognates; give the correct translation.  Examples of false cognates are: rope/ropa (clothing)  Idioms are Tier 1, but need to be explained  Ex.: Make up your mind; Hit the books; Once upon a time

 Tier 2 terms are more complex words than Tier 1 words. At times, these words are abstract words.  Pre-Teaching words: Cannot be demonstrated and not a Cognate  Terms important to understand text: character, setting, plot, even numbers, and country  Terms that have connections to other words & concepts: between, among, by, combine, and estimate  Words understood for the general concept, but need greater explanation for full understanding of the concept: set, tables (science and math), shy ashamed, stubborn, drizzle, jog, and sprint.  Some words don’t require elaborate discussions; can be demonstrated: multiple meaning words  Ex. Trunk – part of an elephant part, back of the car, part of a tree, part of a body  Tier 2 Cognates: High-Frequency in Spanish; Low-Frequency in English  Ex: coincidence/coincidencia, industrious/industrioso, fortunate/afortunado

 Tier 2 terms are low-frequency words found in content books or words that are not demonstrable or cognates  Ex.: velocity, isotope, procrastinate, amoeba, contiguous  All grade levels would benefit from having bilingual dictionaries available in the classroom. It aid a teachers when they need to translate a vocabulary word into students' native language, it is good reference tool for students. Students can look up unknown words to aid in comprehension when independently reading.

Tiered Vocabulary Tier 3: antique, ancient Tier 2: ageing, mature, elderly Tier 1: old Tier 3: Precision Vocabulary Tier 2: Descriptive Vocabulary Tier 1: Basic and General Vocabulary

 Speech appropriate for students’ proficiency level  Slower rate  Enunciation  Simple sentence structure  Clear explanation of the academic task  Variety of techniques to make concepts clear  Modeling  Visuals  Body language  Hands-on activities  Demonstration

 Two types of strategies should be addressed by the teacher of language learners: Instructional Strategies & Learner Strategies  Instructional Strategies: techniques, approaches, and methods that teachers use to promote student learning and achievement  Verbal Scaffolds: techniques used to help students expand their language (asking student to elaborate on an answer)  Procedural Scaffolds: lesson sequences and techniques teachers use gradually withdraw support to foster independence of task completion (modeling tasks, student grouping, clear routines)  Instructional Scaffolds: tools and techniques used to assist students in the learning process (graphic organizers, labeled visuals, word walls with key vocabulary, language chucks for writing, and manipulatives)  Learner Strategies: flexible, mental plans that students use to more effectively accomplish a learning task  Ex: asking questions as they read text; using cognates to determine meaning of a word

 Background: Oral language development has been directly linked to literacy development; National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth find a positive correlation between students’ oral language proficiencies and their reading/writing proficiencies  It is essential to promote oral academic language experiences through planned, purposeful interactions  Key vocabulary and language chunks need to be taught, modeled, and clearly displayed  Support should be provided to help students achieve their content and language objectives

 Hands-on materials and/or manipulatives provided for students to practice new content knowledge  Activities provided for students to apply content and language knowledge in the classroom  Activities provided that integrate all language skills (R,W,L,S)

 Content objectives clearly supported by lesson delivery  Language objectives clearly supported by lesson delivery  Students engaged approximately % of the time  Pacing of the lesson appropriate to students’ ability level

 Comprehensive review of key vocabulary  Comprehensive review of key concepts  Regular feed back provided to students on their output  Assessment of student comprehension and learning of all lesson objectives throughout the lesson

~ Alison Bruno & Maria Dorr ~ South Huntington UFSD LIASCD Fall Annual Conference Finding Optimism in Changing Times Melville Marriott, Melville NY October 5, 2012