Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 13_00CO.JPG Ch. 13 Urbanization
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Urbanization Movement of people from rural to urban areas. Why? Over 50% of world population urban Nsf.gov
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Developing vs. Developed Urbanization
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Developing vs. Developed Urbanization Urbanization more rapid in developing countries, as industrialization increases – decreased need for farm labor – more jobs in cities.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 13_03a.jpg What factor What factors determined location of cities historically? Today?
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 13_05b.jpg Suburbia – what factors stimulated growth of suburbs?
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sprawl = the spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center Houses and roads supplant more than 2.5 million acres U.S. land per year
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sprawl! Physical spread of development at a rate faster than that of population growth.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 13_SBS01-T01.JPG
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Causes of Sprawl Human population growth Per Capita Land Consumption (more land per person) due to: -Interstate highways -Technologies (telecommunications and the Internet) free businesses from dependence on centralized infrastructure- workers can live wherever they desire -People like their space and privacy -“Growth is good” philosophy of politicians/economists
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Consequences Transportation Constraints -Increased reliance on fossil fuels -Pollution – air, salt, oil -Health: promotes physical inactivity
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Land use: less land is left as forests, fields, farmland, or ranchland -Loss of ecosystem services, recreation, aesthetic beauty, wildlife habitat Economics: drains tax dollars from communities -For roads, water and sewer systems, electricity, police and fire services, schools in new developments Increased Impervious surfaces – increased runoff – reduced recharge of groundwater, nutrient loading of waterways, flooding.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Livable Cities City planning - design cities to maximize their efficiency, functionality, and beauty -Planners advise policymakers on development options, transportation needs, public parks, etc. Regional planning = broader scale/multiple municipal governments
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ZoningZoning - restricting use/development
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Urban growth boundaries Urban growth boundaries (UGBs) Restrict growth in existing urbanized areas – controls future development -Revitalize downtowns -Protect farms, forests, and their industries -Ensure urban dwellers some access to open space -May reduce infrastructure costs Disadvantages: -Increases housing prices within boundaries -Restricts development outside UGB -Increases the density of new housing inside the UGB -Increasing pressure to expand boundaries
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 13_T02.JPG SmartGrowthOnline Build up – not out
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 13_00-CS.JPG New Urbanism – design neighborhoods on walkable scale
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Low Impact Development (LID) LID strategies integrate green space, native landscaping, natural hydrologic functions, and various other techniques to generate less runoff from developed landLID strategies integrate stormwater management early in site planning activities use natural hydrologic functions as the integrating framework focus on prevention rather than mitigation emphasize simple, nonstructural, low-tech, and low cost methods manage as close to the source as possible distribute small-scale practices throughout the landscape rely on natural features and processes create a multifunctional landscape UCONN pervious pavement demo