Recovery in China: Ming Centralization Yuan dynasty collapsed 1368, Mongols depart Emperor Hongwu: Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty, administration:reestablished and reformed Confucian education political power:rule by Emperor through emissaries called Mandarins eunuchs (new civil servants) could not build hereditary power base Cultural revival eradicated Mongol legacy by promoting traditional Chinese culture Emperor Yongle: 23,000-roll Encyclopedia (1577) of all knowledge public regulation: clothingpolitical ritual - tribute familial behavior social ritual – village shrine economics/ritual:village shrine water regulation
Chinese and European voyages of exploration, contact:Admiral Zheng He seven massive naval expeditions, demonstrated strength of Ming dynasty
The Unification of Japan Tokugawa Shogunate ( ) → Tokugawa Ieyasu (r ) bakufu government → feudal Japan shogun large landholders with private armies – the daimyo figurehead Emperor constant civil war: sengoku, “country at war”
Control of Daimyo → 260 powerful territorial lords → Shogun ‘controls’ them in a variety of ways: “alternate attendance” at Edo (Tokyo) marriage, socializing of daimyo families → from 1630s, shoguns ‘close’ country travel, import of books forbidden policy strictly maintained for 200 years
Growth in Japan → peace and prosperity → agricultural improvements → population growth moderate → end of war results in unemployed warriors: daimyo, samurai and status changed bureaucrats, scholars → wealthy urban classes emerge
Floating Worlds (ukiyo) urban culture:stratified commercial, co modified entertainment, pleasure industries change from bushido ethic of stoicism Uniquely expressed in Japan Ihara Saikaku ( ), The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love Kabuki theatre 歌舞伎 Bunraku puppet theatre Geisha [recommended: Memoirs of a Geisha]
A Long History of Christian Contact Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549 remarkable success among daimyo why?attraction to belief possibility of trade political/military advantage in civil conflict Government backlash fear of foreign intrusion Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism Anti-Christian campaign restricted Christianity executed staunch Christians If you like this period: remember Shusaku Endo The Samurai
Dutch Learning – and why the Dutch? sakoku → once the country ‘closed’ → Dutch at Nagasaki principal contact with world → ban on foreign books lifted in 1720 → in the meantime, Japanese scholars studied Dutch to approach European science, medicine, art rangaku accommodation/adaptation
‘Loan’ wordsgairaigo originally from China and Korea ‘language that comes from outside’ 16C Portugal and Dutch now, primarily English DutchJapaneseEnglish Bierbiirubeer Glasgarasuglass (pane) Hooshōsuhose Kokkōhīcoffee Kopkoppucup Siroopshiroppusyrup
PortugueseJapaneseEnglish Botãobotanbutton Cartakarutaplaying cards Pãopanbread Tempêrotempuratempura Tobacotabakotobacco In Portugal: Tempêro could be meatless meal on Fridays Seasoning? Entirely meatless meal
Forget accommodation, don’t even resist, Ignore In the east, two very different powers could afford to focus inward:Chinese Empire Japan