Indian Loanwords in English 98501045Gloria

Number of Foreign Words in use at Various Points in the History of English Medieval 16c 17c 18c 19c 20c French 19 42 166 316 736 1103 Classical 89 237 371 173 328 250 Italian -- 26 48 100 90 153 German -- 2 2 4 58 240 Spanish -- 13 14 14 47 32 Other European 4 10 13 22 49 53 Non-European 2 12 56 35 97 55 Total 114 342 670 664 1405 1886 English has an extremely rich and varied vocabulary because it has enthusiastically borrowed foreign words in very large numbers. Each century the number of words adopted form foreign languages has increased. As we saw earlier, the main source of imports over the centuries has been French. This can be seen in the following tables from Bliss(1966: 26) which show the number of foreign words in use at various points in the history of English Classical:Greek and Latin French: the most important source of English loanwords ( is descended from Latin, it is not always clear whether a word is a direct Latin import or one that came in indirectly,via French

Nativisation of Loanwords Words become assimilated and undistinguishable from indigenous English words, animal aunt chair change color cost dinner escape flower poor table uncle Many foreign words that are borrowed become fully Nativised, in the case of English, nativisation means Anglicisation. The words become assimilated and undistinguishable from indigenous English words, Few people would have been aware before now that everyday words like these: and dozens more, are adopted French words. We cannot do without French loanwords in English. It would be extremely difficult to talk for even a few minutes without using any word of French origin.

Words may resist Nativisation to a greater or lesser degree billet doux — n  , pl billets-doux old-fashioned , jocular or  a love letter [C17: from French, literally: a sweet letter, from billet  (see billet 1 ) + doux  sweet, from Latin dulcis ] exprit de corps ----n, A common spirit of comradeship, enthusiasm, and devotion to a cause among the members of a group. Synonyms : morale. . Even after a long period of use in English some words fail to become fully adopted. Instead, they remain on the fringes, as tolerated aliens with one foot in and the other foot out of the English lexicon. Ex. “billet doux” and “exprit de corps” which still feel foreign despite having been in use in English since the 17th and 18th centuries respectively. English speakers’ judgements are not uniform . Some may regard a word as foreign which others consider nativised.

Effects of Borrowing Phonological effects: sk Grammatical effects: Plural suffixes: -um(datum) => pl.) –a(data) -us(fungus) => pl.) –i(fungi) -a(larva) => pl.) –ae (larvae) -is(thesis) => pl.) –es (theses) -eau(bureau) => pl.)–x(bureaux) 1~3 Latin 4Greek 5French

Sementic effects: (OE) deor: any beast=>deer Because the French word animal was borrowed (OE) ceorfn :means cut => carve: special type of cutting Because of the Norsemen’s verb cut (Swahili) safari:’jouney’=>touristic,game-viewing African trip Borrowing can affect the structure of the lexicon when the meanings of imported words are put side by side with the meanings of words which are already in the lexicon. The new, borrowed word may take over part or most(but not all ) of the meaning of the original word, and the original word may survive with a restriced meaning. Vise versa, semantic narrowing may affect the borrowed word itself and not the words already found in the language. A word borrowed from a foreign language may have a more restricted meaning in the recipient language than it does in the source language

Loanwords from Non-European Languages pakeha(Maori) :white person Sherpa, Tibetan people on Himalayas Gurka, people of Nepal samba(Brazil) rhumba(Cuba) tango(Argentina) didgeridoo(Australia) batik(Javanese) vuvuzela(South Africa) Though less numerous than loans from European languages, words adopted from non-european languages are not insignificant in number. Following increasing contact with peoples from outside Europe from the 16th century onwards, growing numbers of words were borrowed form their languages. Naturally, some of these words had to do with people Others are in the semantic field of culture(music,dance,art…) The didgeridoo (also known as a didjeridu or didge) is a wind instrument developed by Indigenous Australians Batik (Javanese pronunciation: [ˈbateʔ]; Indonesian: [ˈbatɪʔ]; English: /ˈbætɪk/ or /bəˈtiːk/) is a cloth that traditionally uses a manual wax-resist dyeing technique.

Indian Loanwords Due to the commerce between India and Britain, which was all colonising India was all about. Indian textiles calico, chintz, dungaree India has been in contact with Britain since the 17th century, and these centuries of contact have left their mark on English. There are many words borrowed from Indian languages in various areas of the English lexicon. The nature of the borrowed words changed as time went on, reflecting developments outside languages. Trade goods: copra, coir, pepper, sugar, indigo, ginger, sandal (Latin, Greek, French…) Commerce between India and Britain, colonising India was all about. Words for various kinds of Indian textiles came into English with the goods 白棉布,印花棉布,粗藍布

Buddha, Brahmin, karma, pundit, yoga, yogi, mantra, nirvana, sutra Hinduism: Buddha, Brahmin, karma, pundit, yoga, yogi, mantra, nirvana, sutra Food: chutney, chapati, curry, poppadom Clothing: cashmere, pyjamas, khaki, mufti, saree With the passage of time, the range of Indian loanwords widdened. As they became more invovled with the Indians, the British realised that the subcontinent had more to it than calico and chintz. Words for mundane trade goods still figured in the verbal imports, but they were joined by words in diverse areas of meaning such as religion, philology, food, and cooking and so on. 佛陀,婆羅門,因果報應,梵文學者,瑜珈,瑜珈修行者,四吠陀咒,涅槃(天堂),佛經 酸辣醬,印度麵包,嘎哩,印度炸元麵包 Mufti:便服 平房/小屋,寶塔,簡便床 貓又,毛牛,大麻,稻田,柚木 亞利安人,賤民,先生/閣下,苦力 長筏,現金,便條/芽,紫丁香,紋身,戰利品,馬求,納粹計耗/古印度籍降標誌,輕鬆容易賺錢的,世君主宰/強大的破壞力,手鼓

Buildings and domestic: bungalow, pagoda, cot Animals and plants: mongoose, zebu, bhang, paddy, teak

People and society: Aryan (Sanskrit), pariah, sahib, coolie

Assorted: catamaran, cash(=small coin), chit, lilac, tattoo, loot, polo, swastika( Sanskrit), cushy, juggernaut, tom-tom Hinduism: Buddha, Brahmin, karma, pundit, yoga, yogi, mantra, nirvana, sutra Food: chutney, chapati, curry, poppadom Clothing: cashmere, pyjamas, khaki, mufti, saree Buildings and domestic: bungalow, pagoda, cot Animals and plants: mongoose, zebu, bhang, paddy, teak People and society: Aryan (Sanskrit), pariah, sahib, coolie Assorted: catamaran, cash(=small coin), chit, lilac, tattoo, loot, polo, swastika( Sanskrit), cushy, juggernaut, tom-tom

Japanese Loanwords Martial arts: karate, kamikaze, samurai 空手道,神風隊,武士 折紙, Karate kid :Mr. Kesuke Miyagi

Others: origami, kimono, haiku, kabuki, karaoke, Geisha, sumo, manga