1.Status of urban air pollution 2.Impacts of urban air pollution 3.Steps to be taken to control urban air pollution STATUS OF AIR QUALITY IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN

Main causes: Rapid urbanisation Growing energy needs Uncontrolled Industrial growth Increase in Traffic Indiscriminate Refuse Burning Major Factors Causing Air Pollution Major Factors Causing Air Pollution

The 15 Largest cities in the world, 1996, 2015

INTRODUCTION : POPULATION12 MILLION KARACHI POPULATION TO 30% TOTAL URBAN POPULATION TOWNS18 UNION COUNCILS 178 CANTONMENT BOARDS 06 POPULATION 05% P/A POPULATION IN KARACHI

REGISTERED VEHICLES 14,63,691 (UPTO CARS 45.3% MOTOR CYCLES 37.0% AUTO RICKSHAWS 2.8% TAXIS 3.8% BUSES & MINI-BUSES 1.6% TRUCKS 1.7% OTHERS 7.5% TRACTORS 0.3% VEHICLE GROWTH 10% PERANNUM ROAD ACCIDENTS NONFATAL 531 FATAL 558 VEHICLE CENSUS IN KARACHI Source: Transport and communication, CDGK

Transportation and Urban Environment  Transportation has been the major source of urban pollution  Major share of CO, VOC, SO 2 and NOx pollution is coming from Urban Transportation  Ambient air quality falling below air quality standards  Growing as one of the major GHG contributors  Alarming trends of vehicular growth in Karachi

Exhaust Emission of Pakistani Cars, US-EPA & European Emission Standards for Cars for the year 2000 (g/Km) Carbon MonoxideHydrocarbonsNitrogen Oxides Emission Standards for Both Gasoline & Diesel Vehicles US EPA European Pakistani Cars as under: Honda Civic (Gasoline) Honda City (Gasoline) Toyota Corolla 2 D (Diesel)

ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR (Excluding fuels consumed in thermal power generation

Type of Vehicles %age comp. * Total Vehicles Average Run/day Units #Particulate Kg /Unit# SO2 Kg/Unit # NOx Kg/Unit# CO Kg/Unit# Light duty (Cars) km1000 km Motorcycles/ Scooters km1000 km Light duty Rickshaws km1000 km Heavy duty Diesel Powered Bus/Trucks km1000 km Other (Light duty diesel power etc.) Total ,23, km1000 km Estimated Pollution Load From Mobile Combustion Sources in Karachi (2000)

Hourly average wind at Karachi Airport for the months of January, 2003 METEOROLOGY THE AREA

Hourly average wind at Karachi Airport for the months of April, 2003

SUPARCO’S 20 YEARS IN ENVIRONMENT AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT STUDY. 1.Karachi( ) 2.Rawalpindi-Islamabad (1996, 2004) 3.Lahore (1995, 2004) 4. Peshawar ( ) 5. Quetta ( ) 6.Northern Areas (2001) 7.Multan (2003) oENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS OF INDUSTRIAL UNITS oEIAs OF INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS oCLOUD AND FOG CHEMISTRY IN NORTH AND NORTH EASTERN PART OF PAKISTAN

CONDUCT OF BASELINE (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) STUDY IN MAJOR CITIES OF PAKISTAN UNDP/ENERCON FERTS PROJECT CONDUCT OF BASELINE (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) STUDY IN MAJOR CITIES OF PAKISTAN UNDP/ENERCON FERTS PROJECT  To establish year long record of concentration levels and behavior of ambient air pollutants along with metrological data and traffic count in six major cities with temporal and spatial parameters. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

A view of a Cement Plant in Karachi

As the countries become motorized, vehicles will contribute increasingly to urban air pollution. Vehicle emissions, including highly damaging emissions of lead and of fine particulate matter, are often among the main contributors to air pollution (World Bank technical paper No. 508). Views of Roads of Karachi

Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)  Increases in hospitalization for lung and heart problems  Increases in days of restricted activity in adults  An increase in absenteeism in school children. Mortality and other chronic effects associated with long-term exposure to low concentrations of PM (starting at about 10 µg/m³). Source: World Health Organization, European Center for Environment & Health

Smog and reduced visibility in the atmosphere of Karachi due to air pollution Vehicle emissions, together with stationary and natural sources, are important in the formation of ground level ozone, which causes health damage as well as damage to vegetation and crops.

Karachi: 1st Cycle: (Postmonsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring) Peshawar: 1st Cycle: (Postmonsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring) Lahore: 1 st Cycle (Postmonsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring) Quetta: 1st Cycle: (Summer) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring) Rawalpindi: 1st Cycle: (monsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring) Islamabad:1st Cycle: (monsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Concentration of Trace Constituent in Aerosol Samples at Different sites at Karachi Site Conc. SPARCENT Max SITE KHI Max F.B. Area Max Garden Road Max West wharf Max Elender Rd. Max Pb Ni Mn Co Zn Cr

KARACHI AIR POLLUTION MAP

IMPACTS OF URBAN AIR POLUTION IMPACTS OF URBAN AIR POLUTION Economic and Health Impacts Health Impacts Increased Mortality and Morbidity 2-5% of all deaths in developing countries due to exposure to particulates Acute respiratory Infection (ARI) Reduced IQ in children Economic Impacts Increased health costs Loss of crops and property Decline in tourist revenue

Transboundary Impacts Haze & smog Acid deposition – acid rain Climate change – green-house gases Ozone depletion – ecosystem damage

Measures To Be Taken...  Gasoline lead phase out program  Diesel sulphur phase out program  Control on the entry of older & polluting vehicles in to urban areas  Conversion of vehicles to CNG buses  Improved road network by means of a network of flyovers  Implementation of Public Transport System

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION REGULATORY MEASURES Standards and Regulatory Authorities Enforcement of NEQS Public Awareness and Judicial Action Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA’s)

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION Tax Incentives for Cleaner Fuel Use Taxes Based on Pollution Load Taxes for Using Leaded Gasoline Subsidies

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS/ CLEANER PRODUCTION ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS Energy Efficient Industrial Processes Fuel-efficient Stoves Energy Efficient Appliances and Lighting Electrostatic Precipitators in Power Plants & Cement Plants Cleaner Alternative Fuels Unleaded and low sulphur motor fuels Compressed natural gas ( CNG)

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION Catalytic Converters for Vehicles Alternative Energy Sources such as Wind Power, Photovoltaic

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION  Adopt suitable best practices from other cities  Identify and reduce air pollution loads  Encourage public transport use  Make cleaner fuel use mandatory - stop leaded gasoline and high sulphur diesel  Encourage Alternative Energy Sources such as Wind Power, Photovoltaic  Enforce regulations stringently

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION PREVENTIVE  Obtain political commitment (macro policy)  Draft and adopt suitable regulations and standards  Identify and adopt appropriate technologies  Promote environmental education and public awareness  Invite stakeholder participation in pollution reduction activities  Seek consensus on actions

STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION PREVENTIVE  Promote pro-active land-use planning  Explore least cost solutions - undertake economic analysis of options  Reduce open burning  Reduce dust on roads

Winter Fog Study

Identify the CAUSES of Fog Identify the CAUSES of Fog Investigate the Chemical Composition Investigate the Chemical Composition of Fog Environmental Impacts Assessment of Dense Fog Dense Fog OBJECTIVES

Fig 1(c): Winter Fog as observed by NOAA-15 Satellite at 0812 Hrs, 30 th Dec

SATELLITE IMAGES OF FOG INCREASING DEGREE OF FOG DENSITY SUPARCO NOAA15, PST

A blanket of fog over parts of Pakistan on November 27, 2004, created poor visibility and led to several traffic-related deaths

2000 MEAN VISIBILITY DURING DECEMBER OVER DEHLI AND LAHORE M I L E S DECEMBER LAHORE DEHLI 1999

Mean visibility of Lahore & Islamabad

SO4 2- NO 3- Se x 10 3 As x 10 3 Sb x 10 3 Jan Concentrations in ug/m 3 of SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, Se, As, and Sb in 12 hour samples at Lahore, Pakistan Sb x 10 3

As x 10 3 NO 3 - SO 4 -2 Se x 10 3 SO 4 -2 /Se December January Concentrations in ug/m 3 of SO 4 – 2, NO 3 -, Se and SO /Se ratios in aerosol samples at Lahore, Pakistan. Fog Clear

Excessively high sulphate (SO4-2) concentrations varying from 49.8 to 141 ug/m3 and NO3 from 3 to 74.5 ug/m3 concentrations were observed during the fog. Excessively high sulphate (SO4-2) concentrations varying from 49.8 to 141 ug/m3 and NO3 from 3 to 74.5 ug/m3 concentrations were observed during the fog. Measured atmospheric SO 4 -2 /Se ratios and wind data suggest that the sources of SO 4 -2 in Lahore were located several hundred kms away to the south. Since India ranks fourth among the countries in coal consumption, the SO 2 emissions and sulphate (SO 4 ) aerosols from coal combustion in India results in the formation of this fog. Pollutant are emitted by combustion of fossil fuels in industries and especially in thermal power plants located in northeastern India. Other sources of these pollutants include refuse burning, open dump burning, vehicular automobiles and aircrafts. CONCLUSION