Renewable Energy Professor Mohammed Zeki Khedher Lecture 1 1

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Fossil Fuels – Oil Refinery Pasadena - Texas Standard Large Power Plants Provide 1 Giga-watt of electric power and releases 2 Giga-watts of thermal power as waste heat. An efficiency averaging around 30% tons of coal a day -40,000 barrels a day or one tanker a week of oil -generates about 5.3 x 10^9 kwh/year -powers a city of a million people 5

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Oil Drilling Platform Cook Inlet, Alaska -total world production in 1996 of petroleum is 62,239e3 barrels / day -an average well in the US produces only 11 barrels / day -In Saudi Arabia an average well produces 9600 barrels /day 7

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Renewable Energy Professor Mohammed Zeki Khedher Lecture 2 Reference Global Status Report Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21 century 11

Renewable energy added about half Estimated new electric power added 194GW Estimated Renewable energy world wide 1320GW almost 8% over

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Renewable Energy Professor Mohammed Zeki Khedher Lecture 3 References: Global Status Report Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21 century & Key World Energy Statistics 31

32 Renewable Energy Sources Solar photovoltaics Solar thermal power Passive solar air and water heating Wind Hydropower Biomass Ocean energy Geothermal Waste to Energy

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Concentrating Solar Energy 35

Geothermal Heat and Industry 36

Ocean Energy Industry 37

Hydro-Industry 38

Water generated - Hydroelectric Shasta Dam In California -Conversion from potential energy of water to electric energy is at 80 – 90% efficiency -Hydroelectric projects in the United States have rated capacities from 950 – 6480 MW -The use of Water Power is much greater in some other countries. Norway obtains 99% of its electricity from water power. Nepal, Brazil, and New Zealand are close seconds. 39

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-Solar Power – uses the sun energy to either boil water or directly converts solar energy to electrical energy -Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion – uses temperature differences between different depths of ocean water to drive a heat engine. Working fluid is ammonia which is gas at room temperature. -Biomass Energy: Municipal Solid Waste – burning wastes to drive heat engines -Geothermal Energy – based on naturally occurring heat in the Earth in the Earth due to radioactive decay -Tidal Energy – uses the gravitational pull of the moon on our oceans to drive turbines 42

FORECASTED RENEWABLE COSTS Wind PV cents / kWh Biomass Geothermal Solar thermal cents / kWh all costs are levelized in constant year 2000 dollars Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office ( 43

Estimated Jobs Industry 44

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-In normal operations a nuclear reactor produces some environmental emissions. E.g.: escape of radioactive fission products through cracks and diffusion, radioactive H3 in small amounts in discharged water -Core meltdown are possible, but unlikely due to negative feedback and shutdown systems -Even after shutdown there is 7% of normal power generation still in the reactor fuel rods. This may be sufficient enough to melt core and destroy the reactor, if cooling water is not supplied -A study entitled “ Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five US Nuclear Power Plants ” conducted by NRC in 1990, shows that for all the 109 reactors now operating in the United States over a 30 year lifetime there is about a 1% chance of a large release due to internal events. 48

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-Wind variability must be overcome by system design - Basic energy Storage - Differences in pressure gradients around wind turbines affect birds -Noise from the turbines affects people and animals -Eyesore, the appearance of mile after mile of wind machines with transmission lines is of concern to the public 50

MAJOR CHALLENGES IN ENERGY Energy security: fuel supply resources for the future Economic growth: accommodation of the developing nations’ needs Environmental effects: global warming and emission control Electricity system reliability: assurance of integrity of electric power infrastructure 51

Renewable Energy Professor Mohammed Zeki Khedher Lecture 4 References: Global Status Report Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21 century & Key World Energy Statistics 52

SUSTAINABILITY Sustainable development refers to living, production and consumption in a manner and at a level that meets the needs of the present without unduly impact on the ability of future generations to meet their own needs The World Commission on Environment and Development set up by the UN issued a seminar report in 1987; the report established the concept of sustainable development The major thrust of the report was to explicitly recognize the scale and unevenness of economic 53

SUSTAINABILITY development and population growth continue to place unprecedented pressures on the planet’s land, water and other natural resources and without constraints are severe enough to wipe out regional populations and, over the long term, to lead to global catastrophes Sustainability is a key guiding principle of policy of many nations The applicability at international, national, state and local levels varies widely 54

KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE EXPANSION Integration into the grid – interconnection – grid capability – reliability issues – power quality Competitiveness of technology costs Environmental problems Development of storage technology 55

KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE EXPANSION Government policies at the – federal – state – local levels Regulatory accommodation – permitting processes – back up power – “green power” differential 56

Sterling D. Allan, PES Network, IncGnomedex 7; August 11, 2007; Seattle IMAGINE: Universal Prosperity Imagine a world in which each home has its own power generator that obtains its energy in such a way that no fuel has to be added. Imagine every vehicle being able to run without ever stopping for fuel. Imagine each appliance having its own power source that never has to be recharged. That is the world of the future. Join with us as we track our progress toward such a world.

Extra note “Fuelwood” should be considered as “renewable” only if rate of planting it faster or equal to rate at which it is cut Should something like that applied for large scale of hydropower as currently there is tendency not to name such technology as strictly renewable? 58

Multiple ways to give a definition Postulating - listing what it is and what it is not‏ Giving criteria and checking if particular source of energy meets it Combination of both 59

Example 1 Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example the fossil fuels, of which there is a finite supply). Renewable sources of energy include wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic and solar thermal energy NOT OK as all energy sources we know within defined system (Earth) are finite and fusion power, technically non-renewable, could be considered practically inexhaustible 60

Example 2 energy generated from resources that are unlimited, rapidly replenished or naturally renewable such as wind, water, sun, wave and refuse, and not from the combustion of fossil fuels Better, but “rapidly” is rather subjective term 61

Example 3 and 4 energy flows which occur naturally and repeatedly in the environment, such as wind and solar new and renewable energy sources are energy sources including solar energy, geothermal energy, wind power, hydropower, ocean energy (thermal gradient, wave power and tidal power), biomass, draught animal power, fuelwood, oil shale and tar sands ( UN Glossary of Environment Statistics F-67E) 62

From “Renewable Energy in Europe” Renewable Energy Sources – All natural energy flows that are inexhaustible (i.e., renewable) from an anthropogenic point of view: solar radiation; hydropower; wind; geothermal; wave, and tidal energy; and biomass 63

From “Renewable Energy in the United States” Renewable Energy – Resources that are naturally replenishing but flow limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. 64

“Grey areas” Municipal Waste or any waste from potentially unsustainable use of biomass and/or unclear mixed use of fossil fuel and renewable Origin of the problem – derived fuel with potentially multiple sources No clear solution provided in the available literature – treated differently from case-to-case and region-by- region Should be addressed jointly with environmental statistics experts 65

Solutions: Energy Efficiency! (Miller Ch. 17) 43% of energy in the US is wasted unnecessarily Incandescent bulb=5% efficient Fluorescent bulb=20% efficient Auto fleet standards = CAFE Standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) – 12.9 mpg in 1974 – 27.9 mpg today – 40 mpg CAFE standard would cut gas use by 50% 66

Efficiencies 67

Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency  Insulation  Eliminate air leaks  Air to air heat exchangers  Efficient appliances  Efficient electric motors  High-efficiency lighting  Increasing fuel economy 68

Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity  Passive solar heating  Active solar heating 69

Using Solar Energy to Provide High- Temperature Heat and Electricity  Solar thermal systems  Photovoltaic (PV) cells Solar Cell Trade-Offs 70

Producing Energy from Biomass  Biofuels  Biomass plantations  Crop residues  Animal manure  Biogas  Ethanol  Methanol 71

The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution  Extracting hydrogen efficiently  Storing hydrogen  Fuel cells 72

Geothermal Energy  Geothermal reservoirs  Dry steam  Wet steam  Hot water  Molten rock  Hot dry-rock zones 73

Geothermal Reservoirs 74

Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower  Centralized power systems  Decentralized power systems  Micropower systems 75

Creating a Sustainable Energy Future Increase fuel efficiency standards for vehicle, appliances, buildings Tax and other financial incentives for energy efficiency Subsidize renewable energy use, research and development Internalize externalities for fossil fuels By 2050: – Increase renewable energy to 50% – cut coal use by 50% – phase out nuclear altogether 76

Solutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy 77