Challenges of Integrated Transportation and Land Use Planning Reid Ewing Rutgers University

The Challenges New Vision and Goals New Performance Measures Mutually Supportive Land Use Patterns- Transportation Facilities Model Enhancements Implementing Mechanisms

New Vision and Goals

Florida’s Definition of Sprawl (Rule 9J-5.003, Florida Administrative Code) Leapfrog or Scattered Development Ribbon or Strip Commercial Development Expanses of Low-Density or Single-Use Development

Sprawl

Sprawl vs. Walk Share to Work

Sprawl vs. VMT per Capita

Demand for Alternatives Changing American Demographics Desire for Community and Neighborliness Growing Frustration with Congestion Growing Interest in Health and Fitness

Too Much Grass to Mow

We Are Not European

Charlotte Corridors and Wedges Plan

It Can Happen

New Performance Measures

Commonly Used Performance Measures

HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL Special Report 209 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD National Research Council Are these really the best measures for quality of transportation service? The “Bible”

Old Speed Paradigm -> Roadway LOS

New Paradigms

TEA-21 Planning Factors Economic Vitality Accessibility and Mobility Options Safety and Security for all Users Environmental Protection, Energy Conservation, and Quality of Life Enhanced Modal Integration and Connectivity Efficient System Management and Operation System Preservation

Oregon’s Transportation Policy Rule Rule requires MPOs to reduce VMT per capita by 10% over 20 years in metro areas with more than 1 million population, and by 5% over 20 years in metro areas with 1 million or less population

New Florida Law Multimodal Development District law allows local governments to establish multimodal level-of- service standards that rely primarily on nonvehicular modes of transportation within a district

New Maryland Law Transportation Funding Areas Law requires the Department of Transportation (DOT) to establish measurable long ‑ term and short ‑ term performance goals in designated smart growth areas for increasing the systemwide share of trips by mass transit, walking, bicycling, and high occupancy vehicles

Mutually Supportive Land-Use Patterns and Transportation Facilities

Rail Lines Without Riders

Sidewalks Without Pedestrians

Limits of New Urbanism

Cognitive Dissonance

The Future Belongs to Hybrids

Megatrends “In a relatively short time, the unified mass society has fractionalized into many diverse groups of people with a wide array of different taste and values, what advertisers call a market- segmented, market-decentralized society.” Naisbitt 1982

Urban Refill

Green Development

Transit-Oriented Development

Pedestrian Villages

Hybrid Communities

Hybrid Neighborhoods

Model Enhancements

Travel Demand Modeling Issue Conventional 4-step models are not sensitive to effects of density, mix, and design on travel behavior =

Differences in Travel Patterns Vehicle Ownership Home-Based Trip Productions Non-Home Based Trip Attractions Intrazonal Trips Transit Trips Walk Trips Peak Hour Factors

TRANSIMS Framework

LUTRAQ Study Area

Different Future Land Use Patterns

Less VMT (and Everything Else) with LUTRAQ

Westside MAX Line -- Suburban TOD

Land-Use Impacts

Implementing Mechanisms

Examples Adequate Public Facilities Requirements Transit-Oriented Development Context-Sensitive Highway Design Traffic Calming Access Management Regional Growth Management

Change in VMT Per Capita ( ) Orlando = 3.95 Portland = 4.64 Baltimore = 2.15

Florida Growth Management – General Failure

1985 Concurrency Requirement

Constant Reform – Will They Ever Get It Right?

Transportation and Land Use Study Committee “The state land planning agency and the Department of Transportation shall evaluate the statutory provisions relating to land use and transportation coordination and planning…and shall consider changes to statutes, as well as to all pertinent rules…” 1998 Florida Legislative Session

Oregon Growth Management – Mixed Results

Regulatory Tools Urban Growth Boundaries Density Targets Transportation Policy Rule

Documented Accomplishments Stronger Downtown Employment Base Higher Suburban Densities Less Land Consumption

Maryland Smart Growth – Promising Alternative

Inside and Outside Games

Smart Growth Results The Good News: –75% of new parcels are INSIDE PFAs –Thru Rural Legacy and related POS projects, committed $137 million over last 4 years to permanently protect 54,000 acres. –In last 7 years, total MD acres protected increased 40%, from 589,000 to 825,000 acres The Bad News: –75% of acreage developed is OUTSIDE PFAs –The average lot size OUTSIDE PFAs is 8 times the size of lots INSIDE PFAs –County-specific performance varies widely

5 BYPASSES 550 ACRE TRACT 2 DISTRICT COURTS COUNTY BLDG. Investments Altered by Smart Growth