Unit # 6: Cancer. Overview 2 nd leading cause of death in Canada. 29% of all mortality in 2000 Higher risk in people over 65, males Leading cause of Potential.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Cancer and Cell Biology. Cancer Facts Group of 100 diseases that develop across time Characterized by uncontrolled cell division Can develop in virtually.
Advertisements

Lesson 2 Ultraviolet (UV) rays can put a person at risk for developing cancer. How does each item in the picture help protect you from UV rays? Cancer.
Cancer Control. KEY FEATURES/DESCRIPTION Abnormal cells (mutations) divide and invade nearby healthy tissue which in turns affects its ability to carry.
Cancer -uncontrollable or abnormal growth of abnormal cells.  *1st leading cause of death is a heart attack  *Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death.
CANCER The Nature of Cancer Types of Cancer Extent and Trend of Cancer Risk Factors Sociocultural, socioeconmic and environmental determinants High Risk.
By Rachel, Xiao Xia, Helen. Introduction Definition Symptoms Causes Prevention Treatment Prognosis Statistics Conclusion.
Unit # 6: Cancer. Overview 2 nd leading cause of death in Canada 29% of all mortality (2004) Higher risk in people over 65, males Leading cause of Potential.
Cancer “Mitosis Gone Wild”.
Chapter 16.  Leading cause of disease-related death among people under age 75  Second leading cause of death  Evidence supports that most cancers could.
Cancer Biology Ms. Sneha Singh Department of Zoology, DAVCG, Yamunanagar.
Integrated Cancer Screening Education Modules.  A disease that starts in the cells  Genes inside cells order growth, work, reproduction and death What.
Lesson 2 Ultraviolet (UV) rays can put a person at risk for developing cancer. How does each item in the picture help protect you from UV rays? Cancer.
Terminology of Neoplasms and Tumors  Neoplasm - new growth  Tumor - swelling or neoplasm  Leukemia - malignant disease of bone marrow  Hematoma -
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Another way to think of cancer is “Mitosis Run Amok.”
CANCER Epidemiology Updated January 2011 Source: Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths retrieved Jan 25 th 2012 from Ministry of Health. May 2011.
Cell Cycle Regulation & Cancer
Cancer AN INTRODUCTION Cancer - An Introduction 1.
SC430 Molecular Cell Biology
Prostate Cancer By: Kurt Rishel.
Cancer. What is cancer? Simply put, cancer is cell division that happens uncontrollably. If a cell does not receive a signal to stop dividing, unchecked.
Understanding Cancer. What Is Cancer? Different Kinds of Cancer Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Some common sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle.
 Cancer is a group of more than 100 diseases that develop over time › Involve the uncontrolled division of the body’s cells  Cancer is the 2 nd leading.
 Our bodies are made of cells, which grow, work, reproduce and die  Genes on the DNA control when cells grow, work, reproduce and die  Normally, cells.
. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cancer Chapter Twelve.
Non-Communicable Diseases
Chapter 16.  Leading cause of disease-related death among people under age 75  Second leading cause of death  Evidence supports that most cancers could.
Understanding Cancer Developed by: Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D. Donna Kerrigan, M.S. Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen.
CANCER CONTROL NHPA’s. What is it? Cancer is a term to describe a diverse group of diseases in which some of the cells in body become defective. The following.
Cancer Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the developed world: Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the developed world: 1 in 4 deaths.
An Introduction to Cancer. Review of the Cell Cycle Using the flashcards, indicate the part of the cell cycle where each of the following activities occurs.
Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Growth
What is cancer? Mitosis- normal cell division Cancer- uncontrolled cell division (carcinoma) –Develops into a tumor Benign- does not spread –(Not Cancerous)
Chapters 5.1 to 5.3 Answers. Chapter 5.1 Questions 1 1.A disease that begins when a single cell replicate itself when it should not. 2.A process a cell.
Cancer. Neoplastic cells Benign –Localized Malignant –Spreads Move (metastasize) through –Blood or lymph systems.
Cancer Over the last decade, improvements in early detection and treatment of cancer have resulted in improved survival and a decline in mortality for.
Groups of 100 diseases that develop across time. Characterized by uncontrolled cell division. Can develop in virtually any of the body’s tissues. Hereditary.
CANCER - a public health issue. epidemiology the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations informs.
Ultraviolet (UV) rays can put a person at risk for developing cancer. How does each item in the picture help protect you from UV rays? Cancer.
BREAST CANCER Breast cancer  Breast cancer is one of the commonest causes of death in many developed countries in middle-aged women, and is becoming.
Chapter 15 Cancer 1 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill.
Cancer Cell Division Gone Wrong!. Cancer is not just one disease, but many diseases – over 200 different types of cancers.
Definition Signs & symptoms Treatment Root of the disease.
Interventions for Clients with Colorectal Cancer.
Cancer. What Is Cancer? Cancer is the second most common cause of death after heart disease Responsible for 1:4 deaths, claiming 1500 lives every day.
Chapter 13: Reducing Your Risk of Cancer Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled, disorderly cell growth Cancer is the second-leading.
Cancer Jeremy Doowage Science Honours Presentation.
 Our bodies are made of cells, which grow, work, reproduce and die  Genes control when cells grow, work, reproduce and die  Normally, cells obey these.
CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer When cells grow and divide out of control, they cause a group of diseases called cancer.cancer The result is a change.
Cancer: Cell division gone wrong. A Basic Definition Cancer is : Disease caused by uncontrolled growth and division of defective cells. Disease caused.
Cell Biology & Cancer Unit Objective 1 Cancer types, incidence, pre-disposition, and risk factors Biomedical Technology.
Aim: How can mitosis lead to a disruption in homeostasis?
Cell Division Gone Wrong Cancer.  Cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell division. It starts with a single cell that loses its control mechanisms due.
…cells that cannot control their growth rate and continue to divide without dying o This forms tumors o Cells usually invade nearby tissue and often spread.
Chapter  Definition: An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells that can lead to death  Tumor: A mass of tissue that serves no physiological.
Aim: What happens if the rate of mitosis is abnormal? HW: Castle Learning.
Cancer: Understanding a Complex Condition
Cancer and Cell Biology
Aim: How can mitosis lead to a disruption in homeostasis?
Aim: How can mitosis lead to a disruption in homeostasis?
Aim # 51: How can mitosis lead to a
Chapter 3 Neoplasms 1.
Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation
CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
Cell Biology and Cancer Unit H.
Cancer (3:23) Click here to launch video
Ultraviolet (UV) rays can put a person at risk for developing cancer.
CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
Presentation transcript:

Unit # 6: Cancer

Overview 2 nd leading cause of death in Canada. 29% of all mortality in 2000 Higher risk in people over 65, males Leading cause of Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) – Ex. PYLL A man who has a life expectancy of 70 dies at age 65 from cancer, his PYLL = = 5

Deaths and ASMR for all cancers ASMR= age standardized mortality rate

Mechanism of cancer Normal, healthy cells have genes which control: When they divide When they stop dividing When they die Repetitive exposure to certain agents can cause an accumulation of mutations in these genes, and they lose this control Cancer is a disease evidenced by: uncontrolled cell growth

Mechanism of cancer The mutations that result in cancer are caused by: Carcinogens: cancer causing agent – Tobacco Smoke – Radiation: UV, X-Ray – Pathogens: Human Pappiloma Virus, Hepatitis B – Benzene – Asbestos

Development of Cancer

Main Genes Responsible for Cancer Proto-oncogens/oncogenes Proto-oncogenes regulate – how often a cell divides – how specialized it is (able to perform a particular task) A mutation turns proto-oncogenes into oncogenes and the cell no longer has regulated control over division

Main Genes Responsible for Cancer Tumour Suppressor Genes – normally function to suppress cancerous growth by: Suppressing uncontrolled growth Repairing DNA mutations Telling the cell when to die – Mutations can turn these genes off

Tumour characteristics Benign tumours are growths which are enclosed in a membrane Still have control over growth Do not invade Do not metastasize (spread) Malignant tumours are cancerous growths which are not enclosed in a membrane No control over cellular growth Invade metastasize

Benign vs. Malignant tumor

Cancer Summary

Cancer Staging Overall Stage Grouping – Stage 0: a growth that stays in place, no metastasis, no invasion – Stage 1: cancer localized to one area – Stage 2: cancer is localized to one area, but is more aggressive – Stage 3: invasion into local areas and/or lymph nodes – Stage 4: Metastatic cancer

Prostate Cancer

Survival Rate Cancer is considered cured if patient lives five years after original diagnosis – Varies with the type of cancer. Ex. High with skin cancer, low with brain cancer Survival rate increases with EARLY DETECTION! However, cancer can have a very long latent period – latent period = time between first exposure to a carcinogen (ex. Cigarette smoke) and the first signs and symptoms showing (ex. Lung cancer)

Cancer Treatment in General Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy (drugs)

MAJOR TYPES OF CANCER

Female Age-standardized mortality rates for selected cancers

Male Age-standardized mortality rates for selected cancers

Lung Cancer Highest mortality rate of any cancer Rates are actually increasing in Canadian females 

Lung Cancer Risk Factors Smoking is the leading risk factor – Smokers are times more likely to get lung cancer than non-smoking population – Cigarette tar is the most carcinogenic – Asbestos can also cause lung cancer Previously used to insulate schools, hospitals, buildings Risk increases substantially when patient is exposed to both carcinogens No effective screening for lung cancer in place

Smoking and Lung Cancer

Globe and Mail, Sept 29, 2009 “Ontario says tobacco use costs the province $1.6-billion a year for health care and causes about 13,000 deaths annually. It said smoking is the province's No. 1 cause of illness and premature death”

Breast Cancer 2 nd most common cancer worldwide 5 th mortal cancer

Female Age-standardized incidence rates for breast cancer Female Age-standardized mortality rates for breast cancer What does this suggest??????

Risk factors for breast cancer Females are at much higher risk (obviously!) Older Age Family history Early menstruation and late menopause: since estrogen is known to promote breast tumour growth Pregnancy: if first pregnancy occurs after age 30 Diet: dietary fat? Alcohol? Physical Inactivity

Preventing breast cancer Mostly secondary prevention measures Breast self-examination Mammography a low dose breast X-ray Multi-stage screening: – Involves an initial general screening test, then subsequent diagnostic tests become more and more specific – Note: screening is done on healthy populations, testing is done on people who already have the disease

Multi-level screening

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer Risk factors include the male gender, family history and older age Often no symptoms are evident. However less rigid erections, decreased ejaculated fluid, blood in the urine or semen and severe back, pelvis, hip or thigh pain may be evidenced

Prostate age-standardized incidence rates

Prostate cancer detection Digital rectal exam: Recommended for all Canadian men over age 50 Prostate specific antigen (PSA): paid for by the Canadian government for males over 50

Prostate Cancer Treatment Surgical removal of the gland Small radioactive material can be implanted to kill cancerous cells Cryotherapy: freezing the prostate Drugs: to decrease male hormone levels

Colorectal Cancer Third leading cause of cancer mortality in Canadian males and females Higher in populations with poor diets – High meat, high-fat, high-protein, low-fibre, low- calcium Begins with the appearance of adenomatous polyps (polyps = non-cancerous growths) These polyps can become cancerous and the disease progresses accordingly

Colorectal Cancer

Symptoms include: – bowel movement change lasting more than 10 days – Pain and tenderness in the abdomen – Blood in the stool Risk factors include: – Older age – Male gender – Inflammatory bowel disease – Hereditary factors – Family history – Physical Inactivity

Cervical Cancer

Affects only females Can be detected early with the Pap test Risk factors include: – early age of sexual intercourse – multiple sex partners – history of STDs – tobacco use

Skin Cancer Most commonly diagnosed cancer Easy to treat since it’s on the surface It rarely metastasizes Basal cell carcinoma= most common, easier to treat Malignant melanoma= more aggressive, metastasizes

How to Spot Skin Cancer: A B C D

Skin Cancer Risk Factors Tobacco Smoke UV exposure Chronic non-healing wounds Genetic predisposition HPV infection Age

Prevention of Cancer Primary prevention aimed at reducing risk factors is useful. However, the cause of cancer is often unknown – Don’t smoke! – Reduce UV exposure – Minimize X-ray exposure – Reduce fat intake

Prevention of Cancer Increase fibre consumption Get adequate amounts of beta-carotene (Vitamin A precursor) and Vitamin C Reduce consumption of smoked, barbecued and salted foods Keep a healthy weight Sleep at night; avoid night time shift work Avoid nitrites Clean with vinegar, avoid detergents