Unit 2: History and Institutional Structures of Road Safety Management

11 Tracking your way through Road Safety 101 Unit 2: The History and Institutional Structures of Road Safety Management Module 1:The Foundation for Road Safety Management Policy Module 2:Safety Management Roles and Responsibilities Module 3:Road Safety Education Opportunities Module 4:Funding Sources, Requirements, and Opportunities

Unit 2 2 The Foundation for Road Safety Management Policy LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the legislative initiatives, program development and delivery structures, research initiatives, and other factors that have shaped road safety management practices.

Unit 2 3 Major Topics  Key Events and Legislation  Federal Programs Established in the 70’s and 80’s  Current Structure and Priorities  Road Safety Research Initiatives

Unit 2 4 A History Lesson

Unit 2 5 Road Safety in the 1960s “…Gravest problem before the nation.”

Unit 2 6 Key Events and Legislation

Unit 2 7 Road Safety Legislation – 1960s  1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards Research and development National Driver Register  1966 Highway Safety Act Highway safety grant program Uniform standards Road user behavior Governor’s Representatives  Federal/State Partnership

Unit 2 8 Road Safety -- ’70s and ’80s  1973 Highway Safety Act Conduct a survey of all hazardous locations. Study the causes of crashes at those locations. Conduct a benefit/cost analysis of proposed mitigation strategies at those locations. Prioritize improvements based on the results of the benefit/cost ratio analysis.  Categorical Funding Highway-rail grade crossings; High hazard locations; Pavement marking demonstration programs; Elimination of roadside obstacles; and Federal-aid safer roads demonstration.

Unit 2 9 ’70s and ’80s (cont.) Commercial Motor Vehicles  Crash number and severity  Hazardous materials incidents  FMCSA

Unit s Legislation 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21 st Century

Unit 2 11 TEA-21 Safety Conscious Planning

Unit 2 12 Where we are today 2005 Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act – A Legacy for Users Highway Safety Improvement Program Strategic Highway Safety Plan

Unit 2 13 Today (cont.)  High-Risk Rural Roads  Highway Rail Grade Crossing  Other Features of SAFETEA-LU Safe Routes to School Traffic Records Systems Improvements (Section 408) Incentive Grants and Transfer Programs (continued from TEA- 21)

Unit 2 14 Road Safety Research Initiatives  1972 – 1977 Indiana Tri-Level Study Crash Factors Human 93% Environmental 34% Vehicle 13%

Unit 2 15 Thinking about Human Factors  Chevrons  Flashing beacons  Rumble strips and stripes  Ambulance service  Trauma centers

Unit 2 16 Road Safety Research Initiatives  National Academies of Science  Transportation Research Board (TRB)  National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) AASHTO FHWA TRB

Unit 2 17 University Research  University of Michigan  University of North Carolina  Iowa State University  Texas A&M University

Unit 2 18 Private Sector Research  Insurance Institute for Highway Safety vehicle road user roadway factors  Vehicle Research Center  Highway Loss Data Institute

Unit 2 19 Federal Research  FHWA  NHTSA  FMCSA  FTA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

Unit 2 20 Review  Key Events and Legislation  Federal Programs Established in the 70’s and 80’s  Current Structure and Priorities  Road Safety Research Initiatives

Unit 2 21 Safety Management Roles and Responsibilities Describe the institutional roles and responsibilities within which safety is managed by federal/state/local governments, private/nonprofit interest groups, professional associations, and research institutions.

Unit 2 22 Major Topics  Federal Agencies  State Agencies  Local Agencies  Private/Nonprofit Interest Groups and Professional Associations  Research Groups

Unit 2 23 Federal Agencies

Unit 2 24 Federal Agencies with Road Safety Responsibilities  FHWA  NHTSA

Unit 2 25 Federal Agencies (cont.)  FMSCA  FRA  FTA

Unit 2 26 State Agencies  State DOTs Design Construction Maintenance Operations Planning  Governor’s Highway Safety Representative Behavioral safety initiatives State/local coordination

Unit 2 27 State Agencies (cont.)  Department of Motor Vehicles  State Police and Departments of Public Safety  Departments of Health and Education

Unit 2 28 Local Agencies  City and County DOTs or Public Works  City and County Law Enforcement Agencies  Safe Communities Coalitions

Unit 2 29 Local Agencies (cont.)  City and County Emergency Management Agencies  City and County Health Departments  City and County Public School Systems

Unit 2 Interest Groups  Associations of Individuals or Organizations  Promote Common Interests  May be Restricted on Lobbying Activities  Can Communicate Effectively with Decision Makers  Need to be Educated and Informed about Road Safety

Unit 2 Public Interest Groups  Shared Interest  Member Services  Advocacy Tools Mobilize citizens Change opinions Disseminate policy reports Arrange meetings

Unit 2 AAA  Traffic Safety Focus Areas: Building safer roads Reducing high-risk driving Improving safety data collection  Advocacy Work at National and State Level  Example Campaign: “Slow Down and Move Over”

Unit 2 MADD  Federal and State policy  Grassroots approaches: PI&E campaigns Administrative License Revocation Federal 21 Minimum Drinking Age Law.08 BAC laws  Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving  National Commission Against Drunk Driving  National Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Month

Unit 2 Interest Group Policy Influence

Unit 2 Private Sector Associations  Represent Industry Interests  Advocacy Tools: Meetings with legislators Campaign contributions Publication of policy reports Industry advertising

Unit 2 American Insurance Association (AIA)  Represents Property-casualty Insurers  Interested in Reducing Crashes  Advocate for Safety Belt Laws, Impaired Driving Penalties, Automated Enforcement, etc.  Supports Safety Research (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety)

37 More Examples  American Traffic Safety Services Association  American Road Transportation Builders Association  National Safety Council

Unit 2 Professional Associations  Maximize Public Funding  Reduce Regulatory Burden  Protect Public Interest  Provide Member Services

Unit 2 AASHTO The American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials  Represents state departments of transportation (DOTs)  Advises governments on all aspects of transportation policy  Safety interests Traffic safety is a focus area (SCOHTS) Example: Model SHSP

Unit 2 GHSA The Governors Highway Safety Association  Represents Governors’ Highway Safety Representatives  Focus on Behavioral Safety Solutions Occupant protection Impaired driving Traffic records Speeding and aggressive driving  Conducts Legislative Advocacy  Provides Member Services

Unit 2 Research Institutions  Advocacy role Expert testimony Testing new and existing safety solutions Analytical support  Institutions Academic Public Private

Unit 2 Highway Safety Research Center  Formed by state legislature  Ongoing safety research on a variety of topics  Example of influence: Developed and evaluated graduated driver licensing system Results solidified support for the program  Funding Federal, state, and local governments Private organizations University of North Carolina

Unit 2 Texas Transportation Institute  Created to Serve the Texas Highway Department  Both a State Agency and Part of Texas A&M  Receives State, Federal, and Private Funds  Researches Broad Range of Transportation Subjects  Includes a Center for Transportation Safety

Unit 2 TTI Research Results: Safer Guardrail

Unit 2 Interest group conflict and collaboration Types of conflict:  Public vs. private interests  Public vs. public interests  Benefits  Success Stories

Unit 2 Summary on Interest Groups  Public interest groups  Private sector interest groups  Professional associations  Research institutions  Conflict and collaboration

Unit 2 47 Review  Federal Agencies  State and Local Agencies  Private/Nonprofit Interest Groups  Professional Associations  Research Groups

Unit 2 Exercise #3 Internet Research 48

Unit 2 49 Road Safety Education Opportunities Describe road safety education and training opportunities available in the U.S.

Unit 2 50 Major Topics  Federal Education and Training Institutes  Federal Training Programs  University-based Education  Private Industry Education and Training Opportunities  Science-based Road Safety Education

Unit 2 51 The Need for Education and Training  Aging Safety Workforce  Lack of Experience among Young Professionals  Lack of Core Safety Knowledge

Unit 2 52 Federal Institutions  

Unit 2 53 Institutions (cont.)  

Unit 2 54 FHWA Training Programs  Road Safety Professional Capacity Building Program  LTAP/TTAP  Focused Training RSAs SCR Media Training

Unit 2 55 Results of a University-Based Education Scan  Limited Opportunities Engineering Public Health  Limited Science-based Educational Opportunities

Unit 2 56 University-State Partnerships  Pennsylvania State University  Old Dominion University  Texas Transportation Institute  University of Michigan Transportation Research Center  Iowa State University  Highway Safety Research Center (UNC)

Unit 2 57 Public Health Training and Education  Johns Hopkins University /index.htmlhttp:// /index.html  University of Pittsburgh  University of California – Berkeley

Unit 2 58 Law Enforcement Training and Education  Local and State Training Academies  IPTM  Northwestern University Center for Public Safety

Unit 2 59 Other Education and Training Opportunities  AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety  American Traffic Safety Services Association  Governors Highway Safety Association  Institute for Transportation Engineers

Unit 2 60 Science-Based Road Safety Education  Pragmatic vs. Science-Based Safety Standards, warrants, and guidelines Science-Based tools and references  University Education  Training Courses

Unit 2 61 Review  Federal Education and Training Institutes  Federal Training Programs  University-based Education  Private Industry Education and Training Opportunities  Science-based Road Safety Education

Unit 2 62 Funding Sources, Requirements, and Opportunities Identify, access, and share funding to support road safety initiatives.

Unit 2 63 Main Topics  Federal Transportation Funding Structure and Resources  Sources of State and Local Revenue  Alternative Funding Opportunities  Best Practices and Barriers in Accessing and Sharing Resources  A Case Study in Resource Sharing

Unit 2 64 Federal Funding Structure Federal Highway Trust Fund (1956)  Fuel Taxes (90%)  Truck Sales Tax  Tire Tax  Heavy Vehicle Use Tax

Unit 2 65 Federal Funding Structure  FHWA Core programs Interstate Maintenance National Highway System Surface Transportation Program Highway Bridge and Bridge Maintenance Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Highway Safety Improvement Program Equity Bonus  Other Federal Agencies

Unit 2 66 Federal Resources – FHWA Highway Safety Improvement Program  Core Funding Program  $5.1 Billion over 4 Years  High Crash Location Focus  Set Asides Highway Rail Grade Crossings High Risk Rural Roads Safe Routes to School  Flex Program

Unit 2 67 Federal Resources – NHTSA State & Community Highway Safety Program  Nearly $900 million for Fiscal Years  Safety problems related to human factors and the roadway environment  States plan for distribution of funds annually – Highway Safety Performance Plans  Certification – funds support national highway safety goals National mobilizations Sustained enforcement of impaired driving, occupant protection, and speed Annual safety belt observation surveys Statewide data systems

Unit 2 68 NHTSA – Section 408  Purpose Accuracy Accessibility Completeness Integration Timeliness Uniformity  Grant Requirements

Unit 2 69 Other NHTSA Grant Funds  Safety Belt Incentive Grants  Grants to Prevent Racial Profiling  Impaired Driving Grants  Motorcycle Safety Grants  Penalty Transfer Funds

Unit 2 70 Federal Resources – FMCSA Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program  Reduce number and severity of CMV crashes and hazardous materials incidents  Promotes adoption and uniform enforcement of safety rules, regulations, and standards by interstate and intrastate motor carriers  Allocation of funds to states by categories  Portion of funds can be used for data collection and analysis and improvements to existing systems

Unit 2 71 Challenges to Future Financing  End of FY2009, Highway Account – Negative $4.3B  To Maintain Highway and Transit Systems – $50B Annual Gap  To Improve the Systems – $100B Annual Gap

Unit 2 72 Sources of State Revenue  Fuel Taxes  Vehicle Registration Fees  Motor Carrier Taxes  Tolls  General Fund Appropriations  Other Taxes and Fees  Bond Sales

Unit 2 73 Sources of Local Revenue  Motor Fuel and Motor Vehicle Taxes  Tolls  Property Taxes  Other Special Taxes  Bonds  General Fund Appropriations

Unit 2 74 Alternative Funding Opportunities  Robert Wood Johnson Foundation  AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety  Insurance industry  Auto clubs, such as AAA  In-kind Support

Unit 2 75 Funding Opportunities on the Web  Grants.Gov  CDC Grant Funding Opportunity Announcements  State Agency Websites – State Procurement, DOTs, Highway Safety Offices, Departments of Public Safety and Public Health

Unit 2 76 Best Practices for Accessing Funding  Identify Needed Resources  Identify Funding Sources  "Pitch" the Project  Make Your Case  Maintain Relationships  Professionally Appropriate Proposals

Unit 2 77 Opportunities to Share/Leverage Resources  Scan the environment Similar or related programs/initiatives Similar target or focus audiences  Cross-jurisdictional Initiatives State support for local and regional efforts Multi-jurisdictional enforcement teams Data sharing

Unit 2 78 Barriers to Sharing Resources  Lack of Knowledge of Available Resources  Inadequate Communication  Lack of Respect or Trust  Institutional “Cultural” Differences  Different Missions and Priorities  Confidentiality/Legal Issues  Different Planning Cycles  Rigid Funding Criteria

Unit 2 79 Overcoming Barriers  Cross-train Stakeholders  Develop Information Sharing Strategies  Document Funding Arrangements  Ask Agencies to Adopt New Policies  Consider Non-traditional Resources

Unit 2 80 A Case Study in Resource Sharing The South Carolina Department of Transportation Work Zone Initiative Department of Transportation Department of Public Safety Emergency Medical Services Counties Cities Law Enforcement Federal Highway Administration

Unit 2 81 The South Carolina Partnership  Marketing  Partnerships  Resources  All It Takes Is Everyone!

Unit 2 82 Review  Federal Transportation Funding Structure and Resources  Sources of State and Local Revenue  Alternative Funding Opportunities  Best Practices and Barriers in Accessing and Sharing Resources  A Case Study in Resource Sharing