Jeff Malat Dan Meiselman Tori Soldiviero Iris Ong

Divisions of the Brain Parietal Lobe- posterior to frontal lobes  cognition  information processing  pain and touch sensation  spatial orientation  speech  visual perception Frontal Lobe- (front of brain)  Motor functions  High order functions  Planning, reasoning, and judgment  Memory  Impulse control CEREBRUM

Divisions of the Brain Temporal Lobe ( anterior to the occipital lobes )  Emotional response  Speech & hearing  Memory Occipital Lobe – most caudal portion of the cerebrum  Vision  Color recognition

Divisions of the Brain Cerebellum  part of the brain stem  fine motor coordination  body movement and posture  Balance o interesting fact : a bird’s cerebellum is enlarged in order to control the action of flying Medulla  lower half of the brainstem  controls autonomic function  relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord

Brain Abscess  Infection in the brain that is encapsulated (confined within its own area) and localized to one or more areas inside of the brain.  This condition may cause problems with the brain and spinal cord function.  Brain abscesses are rare, but are more common in young school-aged children than other ages.

Etiologies, Symptoms, and Treatment of Brain Abscesses Etiologies  ear infection  sinusitis  scalp injury/wound  alcoholism  urinary tract infection  drug abuse  any body infection (bacteria/virus) Symptoms  headache  vomiting  confusion  Seizures Treatment  Surgery to reduce pressure in the head and to drain the infection  antibiotics

The Brain

Brain Diseases o Alzheimer’s Disease- Most common form of dementia among older people. People have trouble with memory. -Disease affects thought, memory, and language o Brain Cancer- Can be benign or malignant. -Symptoms- Headaches, nausea, problems with balance, muscle twitching, changes with ability to walk, see, hear

Brain Diseases o Stroke- When blood flow to the brain stops. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. 2 Types of Stroke: 1. Ischemic Stroke- caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain 2. Hemorrhagic stroke- caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain

ISCHEMIC STROKE

Brain Diseases Epilepsy - Causes person to have recurring seizures Clusters of nerves in the brain send out the wrong signals Clusters of nerves in the brain send out the wrong signals Doctors use brain scans to diagnose epilepsy. Doctors use brain scans to diagnose epilepsy. There is no cure for epilepsy, but medicine can slow down seizures. There is no cure for epilepsy, but medicine can slow down seizures.

Neurons Neurons Neurons are cells which make up the nervous system. Neurons are cells which make up the nervous system. They consist of an axon, 2 or more dendrites and a cell body containing a nucleus They consist of an axon, 2 or more dendrites and a cell body containing a nucleus Composed of two main cell types: neurons and glial cells Composed of two main cell types: neurons and glial cells Neurons transmit nerve messages Neurons transmit nerve messages The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system Humans have about 100 billion neurons in their brain alone! Humans have about 100 billion neurons in their brain alone!

Parts of The Neuron o Dendrites- Receives information from another cell and transmit the message to the cell body. o Cell Body- Contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles typical of eukaryotic cells. o Axon- Conducts messages away from the cell body.

Functions of Neurons Sensory Input  Receptors are parts of the nervous system that sense changes in the internal or external environments.  Sensory input can be in many forms, including pressure, taste, sound, light, blood pH, or hormone levels, that are converted to a signal and sent to the brain or spinal cord. Integration/Output  In the sensory centers of the brain or in the spinal cord, the barrage of input is integrated and a response is generated  The response, a motor output, is a signal transmitted to organs than can convert the signal into some form of action –Movement, change in heart rate

Types of Neurons o Sensory neurons - send information from the sense organs (outside) to the C.N.S. They have long dendrites and short axons. o Motor neurons - send information from the C.N.S to the muscles. Causing the muscles to move. They have short dendrites and long axons. o Interneuron - connect different neurons together, send information between neurons. They have short dendrites and short axons.

Sympathetic VS. Parasympathetic Systems CharacteristicSympatheticParasympathetic When does it function? emergenciesnormal/everyday Digestive SystemInhibits/slows downpromotes Pupildilatesconstricts Heartbeatacceleratesretards Breathing Rateincreasesretards Neurotransmitternorepinephrineacetylcholine

Neurons Parasympathetic nervous system- originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels) stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels) Sympathetic nervous system- originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord opposes physiological effects of the parasympathetic opposes physiological effects of the parasympathetic reduces digestive secretions reduces digestive secretions speeds the heart; contracts blood vessels speeds the heart; contracts blood vessels

The Nervous System

Head Injury Trauma to scalp, skull, brain: o Minor bump o Concussion o Contusion o Subarachnoid hemorrhage o Subdural hemorrhage

Head Injury May cause: o Coma o Chronic headaches o Loss of/change in senses o Sensation, hearing, vision, taste, or smell o Paralysis o Seizures o Speech and language problems

Head Injury Symptoms: o Change in/unequal sized pupils o Convulsions/lack of coordination o Personality/Attitude changes o Distorted facial features (face/skull) Fractures Fractures Bruising Bruising Swelling Swelling o Headache, stiff neck, vomiting o Impaired senses o Change in consciousness o Always assume spinal cord is injured

Head Injury Treatment Seek immediate medical help if: Unusual drowsiness occurs Abnormal behavior Sever headache/stiff neck develops Loss of consciousness occurs, even briefly Multiple vomiting episodes

Head Injury Treatment con’t. o Stop any bleeding present o Check pulse; begin CPR if necessary  Stabilize head/neck o If skull fracture suspected:  Do not apply pressure  Do not remove debris, if any o If vomiting occurs:  roll body so airway is not obstructed o Apply ice packs to area

Phineas Gage o 1848, so…  Little was known about the brain & how to treat injuries to it  3 foot long tamping iron through the head… now what? Treated for 73 days Personality & behavioral problems until death in 1861

Phineas Gage

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