Chapter 1 - Introduction to Chemistry

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Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Why Study Chemistry? Explaining the Natural World why cut apples turn brown upon exposure to air. why the texture of eggs changes from runny to firm as eggs are boiled. why water expands as it freezes. Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work. For example, chemistry can explain:

Which of the following careers would require some understanding of chemistry? A.chef B.doctor C.farmer D.all of the above

Which of the following careers would require some understanding of chemistry? A.chef B.doctor C.farmer D.all of the above

Chemistry Chemistry – the study of matter and the changes that matter undergoes Matter – anything that takes up space and has mass

Objectives Define Chemistry Differentiate between the 5 branches of Chemistry

SECTIONS 1.1 Chemistry 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide

Branches of Chemistry Inorganic Organic Biochemistry Analytical Physical

3 Branches of Chemistry Organic Chemistry – the study of all chemicals that contain carbon Inorganic Chemistry – the study of chemicals that do not contain carbon Biochemistry – the study of processes that take place in organisms

Identify some of the components of this picture and match it with one of the Chemistry branches

Organic or Inorganic ? Sulfuric Acid H 2 SO 4 Methane CH 4 Hydrochloric Acid HCl EthaneC 2 H 6

Science What? Why? How? When?

Science and Technology Technology – a system of tools, mechanisms, methods to solve a problem, improve a problem or change a problem Technology  Applied Has practical applications in society. Engineering.

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Materials and the Environment Chemists don’t just study matter—they also use what they know about the structure and properties of matter to make new materials with different or improved properties. For example, chemistry has played a large role in developing plastics for different uses. Chemistry, Technology, and Society

Energy is the ability to do work.

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 A knowledge of chemistry was necessary to develop the batteries that run gasoline-electric hybrid cars.  Chemists help design materials that collect energy from the sun that is then converted to electricity. Chemistry, Technology, and Society Energy To meet the rising global demand for energy we must: produce energy conserve energy

Nature of Energy Energy is involved when: a bird flies. a bomb explodes. rain falls from the sky. electricity flows in a wire.

Production of Energy Hydroelectric plants use running water to generate electricity, however they may flood nearby lands and can disrupt the normal flow of water, both of which negatively affect the environment.

Wind power is increasingly being used as a clean source of renewable energy. Turbines harvest wind on wind farms and generate electricity.

Solar power is a promising, renewable energy resource than can be turned into electricity, and it is used in many toys and even home heating.

Many other alternative energy sources like geothermal power, which draws upon the earth’s natural heat, and biomass, which produces an alternative to gasoline, are being considered in the movement away from fossil fuel dependence.

Conservation of Energy In our everyday lives, we can also work to conserve energy. Insulating, turning off lights and only using appliances like dishwashers when they are full are just some of the ways people can limit energy use in their homes. Also, carpooling, bicycling, and taking public transportation are effective energy-saving ideas.

Energy Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy. DO NOW 1. How do people conserve energy? 2. How is energy produced by chemists? List some types of energy produced. 1.2

1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide Biotechnology – an applied science that uses techniques to produce or process different things Pollutant - a material found in air, soil or water that hurts living things Vocabulary - Biotechnology - Pollutant

Medicine and Biotechnology Medicines There are over 2000 prescription drugs. Many drugs are effective because they interact in a specific way with chemicals in cells. Knowledge of the structure and function of these target chemicals helps a chemist design safe and effective drugs. 1.2

Medicine and Biotechnology Materials Chemistry can supply materials to repair or replace body parts. Examples: - Artificial hips and knees made from metals and plastics can replace worn- out joints 1.2

What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs. Examples: Yeast in bread making and alcohol production Use of beneficial bacteria (penicillin) to kill harmful organisms Cloning of plants and animals Artificial insemination

1750 B.C. Origins of “biotechnology” emerge in methods of food production and plant and animal breeding Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food preservation) Use of natural enzymes in yogurt Use of yeast to produce bread Use of fermentation for producing wine and beer

Biotechnology Industry Focuses on a variety of research areas including: Health/medicine Food science Environmental science Agriscience Genetic Modification of Food

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Agriculture Productivity One way to track productivity is to measure the amount of edible food that is grown on a given unit of land. Chemists test soil to see if it contains the right chemicals to grow a particular crop and recommend ways to improve the soil. 1.2

Agriculture Chemists also help determine when a crop needs water. If the genes from a jellyfish that glows are transferred to a potato plant, the plant glows when it needs to be watered. 1.2

Agriculture Crop Protection Chemists sometimes use chemicals produced by insects to fight insect pests. The plastic tube wrapped around the stem of the tomato plant contains a chemical that a female pinworm moth emits to attract male moths. It interferes with the mating process so that fewer pinworms are produced. 1.2

1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist Scientific Method - a logical approach to the solution of a scientific problem Observation – the use of senses to obtain an information Hypothesis – an educated guess Experiment – a procedure used to verify the hypothesis Conclusion – a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis Vocabulary - Scientific Method - Observation - Hypothesis - Experiment - Manipulated variable - Responding variable - Theory - Scientific law

Scientific Method - a logical approach to the solution of a scientific problem Scientists use the scientific method to solve issues involving: - the environment - curing diseases/cancer Non-scientists use the scientific method to solve for: - car trouble - car stuck in snow - computer trouble

Steps of the Scientific Method Problem/Question 1. Problem/Question: Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation.

NEXT Make observations Research your topic of interest.

Steps of the Scientific Method Formulate a Hypothesis 2. Formulate a Hypothesis: Predict a possible answer to the problem or question. Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase.

Independent and Dependent Variables Change variables in the experiment to see the effects. Example: (for plants)  Change exposure to sunlight  Change amount of water given to plants  Test different types of soil

Steps of the Scientific Method Experiment 3. Experiment: Develop and follow a procedure. Include a detailed materials list. The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).

Steps of the Scientific Method Collect and Analyze Results 4. Collect and Analyze Results: Modify the procedure if needed. Confirm the results by retesting. Include tables, graphs, and photographs.

Steps of the Scientific Method Conclusion 5. Conclusion: Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis. Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure.

Steps of the Scientific Method Communicate the Results 6. Communicate the Results: Be prepared to present the project to an audience. Expect questions from the audience.