1 Matter Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass.

2 Physical Properties Physical Properties: They can be measured and observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance. Examples Odor, Color, Volume, Matter, Density, Melting Point, Boiling Point

3 A Further Breakdown: Extensive vs. Intensive Physical Properties Extensive Properties: depend on amt of substance (mass, volume) Extensive Properties: depend on amt of substance (mass, volume) Intensive Properties: do NOT depend on amt of substance (melting point, boiling point) Intensive Properties: do NOT depend on amt of substance (melting point, boiling point)

4 Chemical Properties Properties in which there is a change in composition Properties in which there is a change in composition Reactivity, flammability, etc. Reactivity, flammability, etc. Subdivided into physical and chemical changes Subdivided into physical and chemical changes

5 Physical Changes Physical Change: change in physical properties Examples Ice melting, water boiling

6 Chemical Changes Chemical Changes: Forming new substance(s) Examples Rusting of nails, digestion of food in our stomach, the growth of grass

7 Practice Classify the following as a physical or chemical change or physical or chemical property: (a) Gallium metal melts in your hand (and in your mouth). (b) A Page is White. (c) Copper sheet acquires a green color over the years. (d) Milk turns sour. (e) Wax is melted over a flame. (f) Propane gas is flammable. (g) Bromine liquid is reddish-brown in color.

8 Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds Element: A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. Element: A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.Example Gold and…? Compound: A substance composed of atoms of 2 or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Compound: A substance composed of atoms of 2 or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Example Sodium Chloride and…?

9 Mixtures Mixture: A combination of 2 or more substances in which the substances retain their identity though no longer seen. Examples Air, Soft Drinks, Wine, Coffee, Water pumped from the Earth. Can you think of anymore…? They can be separated into pure substances: They can be separated into pure substances: Elements and/or Compounds. Elements and/or Compounds. They can converted into two or more pure substances. They can converted into two or more pure substances.

10 Mixtures Homogeneous Mixture: The composition of the mixture, after sufficient stirring, is the same throughout the solution. A homogeneous mixture is called a solution. It has one layer. Homogeneous Mixture: The composition of the mixture, after sufficient stirring, is the same throughout the solution. A homogeneous mixture is called a solution. It has one layer. Ex: Salt dissolved in water. Ex: Salt dissolved in water. Heterogeneous Mixture: The individual components of a mixture remain physically separated and can be seen as separate components. It has more than one layer. Heterogeneous Mixture: The individual components of a mixture remain physically separated and can be seen as separate components. It has more than one layer. Ex: A glass full of oil and water or sand in a bucket of water. Ex: A glass full of oil and water or sand in a bucket of water.

11 Practice Classify the following as a pure substance, a homogeneous mixture (solution) or a heterogeneous mixture: (a) Soda (b) Kool-Aid (c) Oil and Vinegar (d) Common Table Salt (Sodium Chloride) (e) A vein of gold embedded in quartz

12 Separation of Mixtures Distillation: is the process of vaporizing a liquid in a boiling pot and then condensing (gas  liquid) it again where it will collect in another vessel. Used to separate water from dissolved materials (solid or liquid) Used to separate water from dissolved materials (solid or liquid) Used to make moon-shine; i.e., separate ethanol from impurities Used to make moon-shine; i.e., separate ethanol from impurities

13 Simple Distillation

14 Separation of Mixtures Filtration: the process of causing a liquid-solid heterogeneous mixture to encounter a porous barrier so that the liquid passes through. The solid is left behind. The liquid that passes through is called the filtrate. The liquid that passes through is called the filtrate. The remaining solid is the residue, or filter cake. The remaining solid is the residue, or filter cake. There are two purposes for filtrations: (1) to remove solid impurities from a liquid. (2) to separate solid products from a liquid.

15 Scientific Notation Handling Numbers Associated with Measurements Scientific Notation: Expresses a number as a product of a number between 1 and 10 and the appropriate power of 10. These numbers are very large and very small. They are cumbersome Example: 702,400,000,000,000,000,000 Example: 702,400,000,000,000,000,

16 Using Scientific Notation 1.Any number can be represented as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10 (either positive or negative). 2.The decimal point should be placed with a one non-zero number to its left. 3.The power of 10 depends on the number of places the decimal point is moved and in which direction. 4.If the decimal point is moved to the left, the power of 10 is positive. If the decimal point is moved to the right, the power of 10 is negative.

17 Examples Express 685,000 in scientific notation: Express 685,000 in scientific notation: The decimal point must be moved five places to the left The decimal point must be moved five places to the left Thus, the decimal point has one non-zero number to its left Thus, the decimal point has one non-zero number to its left 6.85 x x 10 5 Express in scientific notation: Express in scientific notation: The decimal point must be moved six places to the right The decimal point must be moved six places to the right Thus, the decimal point has one non-zero number to its left Thus, the decimal point has one non-zero number to its left 6.63 x x Try these: Try these: 809,000,000, ,000,000,

18 Fundamental SI Units Units: The units part of a measurement tells us what quantity is being used to represent the results of the measurement. SI = Systeme Internationale (French) SI = Systeme Internationale (French) Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation mass kilogram kg mass kilogram kg length meter m length meter m time second s time second s temperature kelvin K temperature kelvin K amount of substance mole mol

19 Measurements of Length, Volume, and Mass Length: Measurement of how long a thing is from end to end. Length: Measurement of how long a thing is from end to end. The SI base unit of length is the meter (m). The SI base unit of length is the meter (m). Volume: Amount of 3-D space occupied by a substance. Volume: Amount of 3-D space occupied by a substance. Its SI derived unit is m 3. Its SI derived unit is m 3. Another common unit of volume is the liter (l). Another common unit of volume is the liter (l). Mass: Quantity of matter present in an object. Mass: Quantity of matter present in an object. The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). Prefixes can be used for all units: Prefixes can be used for all units: i.e., milligram, milliliter, millimeter i.e., milligram, milliliter, millimeter

20 Prefixes used with SI Units Prefix Symbol Meaning Tera T 1 x Tera T 1 x Giga G 10 9 Giga G 10 9 Mega M 10 6 Mega M 10 6 Kilo k 10 3 Kilo k 10 3 Deca D 10 1 deci d deci d centi c centi c milli m milli m micro  micro  nano n nano n pico p pico p

21 The Use of Prefixes 1 dL = 1 x L = 0.1 L 1 dL = 1 x L = 0.1 L 1 mg = 1 x g = g 1 mg = 1 x g = g 1 km = 1 x 10 3 m = 1000 m 1 km = 1 x 10 3 m = 1000 m

22 Uncertainty in Measurement Measurements 3.00 cm 3.01 cm 3.02 cm 3.00 cm 3.01 cm 3.02 cm Notice that the first two digits are the same. Notice that the first two digits are the same. These are called the certain numbers. These are called the certain numbers. The third digit is estimated and can vary. The third digit is estimated and can vary. It is called an uncertain number. It is called an uncertain number. Give the certain and uncertain numbers in the following measurements: Give the certain and uncertain numbers in the following measurements: kg L kg L

23 Precision & Accuracy Precision: How well measurements agree with one another Precision: How well measurements agree with one another Accuracy: agreement of measurement with accepted (book) value Accuracy: agreement of measurement with accepted (book) value

24 Practice A 5-page package of high quality printing paper had its length measured in inches. The measurements obtained were: A 5-page package of high quality printing paper had its length measured in inches. The measurements obtained were: , , , , The cover says its length is inches. The cover says its length is inches. Do you have “good” or “bad” precision? Do you have “good” or “bad” precision? What about your accuracy: “good” or “bad”? What about your accuracy: “good” or “bad”?

25 More Practice Five blank writable CD’s had the same piece of music burned on to them. The original CD said that the track was two minutes and thirty- three seconds (2’33”) long. Five blank writable CD’s had the same piece of music burned on to them. The original CD said that the track was two minutes and thirty- three seconds (2’33”) long. However, the length of the track on the burned CD’s was the following: However, the length of the track on the burned CD’s was the following: 2’15”, 2’15”, 2’15”, 2’15”, 2’15” Do you have “good” or “bad” precision? Do you have “good” or “bad” precision? What about your accuracy: “good” or “bad”? What about your accuracy: “good” or “bad”?

26 Significant Figures Significant Figures: Numbers recorded in a measurement. (All the certain numbers+the first uncertain number) (All the certain numbers+the first uncertain number) The more significant figures (sig figs) in a measurement the greater the precision. The more significant figures (sig figs) in a measurement the greater the precision is less precise than is less precise than

27 Guidelines for Using Significant Figures Nonzero Integers: Nonzero Integers: Any digit that is not zero is significant. Any digit that is not zero is significant. Example Example 894 has _________ significant figures. 894 has _________ significant figures has _________ significant figures has _________ significant figures.

28 Guidelines for Using Significant Figures Leading Zeros: Leading Zeros: Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. They are used to indicate the placement of the decimal point. They are used to indicate the placement of the decimal point. Example Example 0.07 has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures.

29 Guidelines for Using Significant Figures Captive Zeros: Captive Zeros: Zeros between nonzero digits are significant. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant. Example Example 707 has ___________ significant figures. 707 has ___________ significant figures. 50,001 has __________ significant figures. 50,001 has __________ significant figures.

30 Guidelines for Using Significant Figures Trailing Zeros: Trailing Zeros: If a number is greater than 1, then all the zeros written to the right of the decimal point count as significant figures. If a number is greater than 1, then all the zeros written to the right of the decimal point count as significant figures. Example Example 3.0 has __________ significant figures. 3.0 has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures. 8,500 has __________ significant figures. 8,500 has __________ significant figures.

31 Guidelines for Using Significant Figures Leading, Captive, and Trailing Zeros: Leading, Captive, and Trailing Zeros: If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the end of the number, and zeros that are between nonzero digits are significant. If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the end of the number, and zeros that are between nonzero digits are significant. Example Example has ___________ significant figures has ___________ significant figures has ___________ significant figures has ___________ significant figures has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures has __________ significant figures.

32 Guidelines for Using Significant Figures Exact Numbers: Exact Numbers: They are assumed to have an unlimited number of significant figures. They are assumed to have an unlimited number of significant figures. 

33 Guidelines for Using Significant Figures Numbers With Trailing Zeroes And No Decimal Point: Numbers With Trailing Zeroes And No Decimal Point: For numbers that do not contain decimal points, the measurement is said to be ambiguous. For numbers that do not contain decimal points, the measurement is said to be ambiguous. Example Example 700: 1, 2, or 3 sig figs? 700: 1, 2, or 3 sig figs? Use Scientific Notation: 7x10 2 has one sig fig. 7.0x10 2 has two sig figs x 10 2 has three sig figs. (How many significant figures are in 701? Do you need a decimal pt?)

34 Rounding Off Numbers: Rules for Rounding Off *We like to reduce our number to fewer digits.* 1. If the digit to be removed is less than 5, then the preceding digit stays the same. When rounding off, use only the first number to the right of the last significant figure. Do not round off sequentially. Example Example rounds off to _________ if we only want 2 sig. figs rounds off to _________ if we only want 2 sig. figs.

35 Rounding Off Numbers Rules for Rounding Off 2. If the digit to be removed is equal to or greater than 5, then the preceding digit is increased by 1. When rounding off, use only the first number to the right of the last significant figure. Do not round off sequentially. Example Example rounds off to ________ if we only want 3 sig. figs rounds off to ________ if we only want 3 sig. figs rounds off to ________ if we only want 2 sig. figs rounds off to ________ if we only want 2 sig. figs.

36 Rules for Using Significant Figures in Calculations Addition and Subtraction: Addition and Subtraction: In the answer, the number of sig figs to the right of the decimal point are determined by the lowest number of sig figs to the right of the decimal point given by the measurements. In the answer, the number of sig figs to the right of the decimal point are determined by the lowest number of sig figs to the right of the decimal point given by the measurements. The measurement is said to be limiting. It limits the number of significant figures in the result. The measurement is said to be limiting. It limits the number of significant figures in the result.Example = Rounded Off to = _________ Rounded Off to __________ = _________ *For Addition and Subtraction, the decimal points are counted as sig figs.*

37 Rules for Using Significant Figures in Calculations Multiplication and Division: Multiplication and Division: The number of sig figs is determined by the original number that has the smallest number of sig figs. The number of sig figs is determined by the original number that has the smallest number of sig figs. The measurement is said to be limiting. It limits the number of sig figs in the result. The measurement is said to be limiting. It limits the number of sig figs in the result.Example (2.7)x(3.5029) = Rounded Off to 9.5 (7.85)/(124.6) = _____ Rounded Off to ____________ *For Multiplication and Division, the whole measurements’ sig figs are counted.*

38 Rules for Using Significant Figures in Calculations What about: What about: Order of operations! Order of operations! Follow the add/sub sig figs for each operation Follow the add/sub sig figs for each operation Then divide, following division sig fig rules Then divide, following division sig fig rules Thus, = 19.0 Thus, = 19.0 And – 4 = 121 And – 4 = 121 Therefore, 19.0/121 = Therefore, 19.0/121 = 0.157

39 Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis How do we convert from one unit of measurement to another? How do we convert from one unit of measurement to another? We do this via conversion factors. We do this via conversion factors. For instance: 1 dollar = 100 pennies Both represent the Same Amount of Money Conversion factors allow us to carry out conversions between different units that mean the same quantity. Conversion factors allow us to carry out conversions between different units that mean the same quantity. They are not taken into sig fig consideration. They are not taken into sig fig consideration. Found on A-11 thru A-13. Found on A-11 thru A-13.

40 Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis Convert 57.4 m into mm Convert 6.1 dm into km Convert 8.1 m 2 to cm 2

41 Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis Convert 1.06 in. into cm Convert L into gal Convert 7.62 g/mL into oz./gal

42 Comparing Temperature Scales

43 Temperature Conversions Converting Between the Kelvin and Celsius Scales Converting Between the Kelvin and Celsius Scales T oC = T K T oC = T K Converting between the Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales Converting between the Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales T oF = 1.80(T oC ) + 32 T oF = 1.80(T oC ) + 32

44 Temperature Conversions Convert 172 K to o C. Convert 41.2 o C to o F. Convert o F to K.

45 Density Density: Amount of matter present in a given volume of substance Density: Amount of matter present in a given volume of substance Density = mass/volume = g/mL Density = mass/volume = g/mL Not to be confused with weight! Not to be confused with weight!

46 Example The volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder is ml, and weighs 36.0 grams. What is the density of this liquid? The volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder is ml, and weighs 36.0 grams. What is the density of this liquid?

47 Practice Mercury has a density of 13.6 g/ml. What volume of mercury must be taken to obtain 100 grams of the metal? Mercury has a density of 13.6 g/ml. What volume of mercury must be taken to obtain 100 grams of the metal?