Chemistry-Standards #63-Describe the importance of studying fundamental chemistry as it relates to cosmetology #64Define organic, inorganic chemistry, matter and composition of elements, compounds and mixtures #65-Define acids and alkalies and be able to chart cosmetic chemicals on PH scale

Opening Activity Divide into groups of 4 Write down everything they did between waking up this morning and getting to school Upon completion of the list-check off the activity that involved chemistry Example: brush teeth-chemistry of water

chemistry Matter-Anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties and exists as either a solid, liquid, or gas

Elements Composed of a single part or unit Cannot be reduced to simpler substance There are 90 naturally occurring elements There are 22 more elements that are made artificially. All matter in the universe is made up of one or more of these 90 elements They are identified by a letter symbol. Examples:

ATOMS The smallest particle of an element capable of showing the properties of the element.

Molecules Result of two or more atoms of the same element that are united chemically

Compound molecules Chemical compounds of two or more atoms of different elements.

States of Matter All matter exists in three different physical forms, solid, liquid or gas. Matter takes on one of these forms or states depending on its temperature Solids-Have definite shape Liquid-Have definite volume and weight, but not definite shape (water) Gases- Do not have definite volume or shape (steam)

Physical and Chemical Properties Physical properties-Those characteristics determined without a chemical reaction; do not cause a chemical change in the identity of a substance Color Odor Weight Density Specific Gravity Melting Point Boiling Point Hardness

Chemical Properties Those characteristics than can only be determined with a chemical reaction and cause a chemical change in the identity of a substance. Examples: rusting iron

Physical Change Changes the form without forming a new substance Example: solid ice melts and becomes water

Chemical Change A new substance or substances are formed having properties different from the original. Wood into charcoal Permanent hair color. Oxidation develops the dye in the color and creates a chemical change in the hair. The oxidation causes a chemical change in both the hair color product and the structure of the hair

PURE SUBSTANCES Matter with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties Elemental molecules-Two or more atoms united physically Chemical compounds-Combinations of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions and distinct properties.

PHYSICAL MIXTURES A SUBSTANCE MADE UP OF ELEMENTS COMBINED PHYSICALLY THAT THAN CHEMICALLY Example: Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel and cement, sand and gravel are held together by the cement, they retain their identity

Solution A blended mixture of two or more solids, liquids, or gaseous substances Solute- the dissolved substance in a solution Solvent-the substance, usually liquid, which dissolves another substance to form a solution, with no change in chemical composition Example: kool-aid-solute

Miscible Mutually soluble, can be mixed together without separating Example: alcohol and water

Immiscible Not capable of being mixed Example: oil and water

Suspension A state in which solid particles are distributed throughout a liquid medium. They have a tendency to separate over time; Example: salad dressing

Emulsion A mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of a binder or emulsifier. They have a tendency to separate over time, but if properly formulated can be stable for at least 3 years.

Surfactants Substances that act as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify. A contraction for “surface active agent”

Other Physical Mixtures Ointments-semisolid mixtures made with any combination of petrolatum, oil, and wax include pastes, pomades, and styling waxes Powders-A physical mixture of two solids. Free- flowing powders are rarely found in cosmetics; Powders that tend to stick together such as talc, are more common

review Define chemistry Why is a basic understanding of chemistry important? What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry What are atoms? What are elements? What are the chemical and physical properties of matter? What is the difference between physical and chemical changes Describe the three states of matter

Explain elements, compounds, and mixtures What is the difference between solutions, suspensions, and emulsions Define pH and the pH scale Explain the difference between oxidation and reduction reactions