Chapter 26 The Civil Right Era ( )

Beginnings of the Movement Separate but Unequal –North v. South –Self Segregation v. Jim Crow –Plessy v. Ferguson –NAACP : Jane Addams and W.E.B Du Bois –National Association for the Advancement of Colored People –Thurgood Marshall: integration

Broken Barriers Baseball –Jackie Robinson Military –Truman for Civil Rights –Only has control over military

Educational Segregation Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Trouble in Little Rock –Blacks v. Governor and National Guard –Ike sends in Army

Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks Women’s Political Council of Montgomery Martin Luther King, Jr. Arrest of Leaders 381 total days: Supreme Court Rules

Expanding Government Role Earl Warren Presiding –Individual rights –Judicial Activism: Approaching the Constitution with flexibility and fairness to all

Key Decision of the Warren Court CaseDecision Based OnImpact Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Fourth Amendment: Protects “against unreasonable searches and seizures.” Evidence from an illegal search cannot be used in a criminal trial. Gideon v. Wainwright(1963) Sixth Amendment: Guarantees accused person “the assistance of counsel for his defense.” If a person accused of a crime cannot afford an attorney, the state must provide one. Miranda v. Arizona(1966) Fifth Amendment: Defendant cannot “be compelled... to be a witness against himself.” Before being questioned by police, suspects must be informed of their right to keep silent, as well as to have an attorney. Tinker v. Des MoinesSchool District (1969) First Amendment:Protects “freedom ofspeech.” A school cannot interfere with a student’s right to free speech unless that speech causes major disruption of the school day.

Kennedy Election of 1960 Assassinated before he could pass his civil rights legislation Most known for his impact on the space program

LBJ Sworn in and then elected Background –Poor family in Texas –Taught at Mexican American school –Elected to Congress in 1937 –Elected to Senate in 1948 –VP in 1961

Legislation Pushed through by LBJ –Civil Rights –“Great Society” –Economic Opportunity Act: attacked Poverty –Head Start –Welfare: a system in which government agencies make cash payment to the poor –Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Legislation cont. Medicare/Medicaid

Continuing Civil Rights Civil disobedience: the peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws King’s inspiration: –Christian teachings –Mohandas Gandhi –A. Philip Randolph SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) Voting Rights Act

Movement Split Malcom X –Slave name –Islamic “Black Islam” –Complete separation –1965 Shot

Black Power Movement Stokely Carmichael –Start own business Violent Protest –Ghettos: poor run-down neighborhoods Watts : 1000 killed/injured –Looted stores, burned cars Presidential commission: –“Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal”

Loss of a Leader King is Killed –Shot on April 4 by a white segregationist

Civil Rights Era Results African Americans begin to take political positions Affirmative Action: businesses and schools were encouraged to give preference to members of groups that had been discriminated against in the past

Other Civil Rights Women’s Rights Movement –Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystique Founded National Organization for Women –Equal Rights Amendment (1972) Requires 38 states to pass –Notable Gains 1963-Equal Pay Act Civil Rights Acts included sex discrimination Political Activism

Civil Rights for Mexican Americans Closed out of schools, jobs, housing 1948 American GI Forum –Hernandez v. Texas Cesar Chavez: United Farm Workers –Boycott on grapes –1975: Voting Rights Act in 1975 requires bilingual elections