PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES SECTION 15-4

A. PHYSICAL CHANGES A change that alters the form of a substance (physical properties), but does not change it to another substance Different states (solid, liquid, or gas), of the same matter CAN get it back

Size, Color, Shape, Density, Texture, Smell, or State PHYSICAL CHANGES CAUSE A CHANGE IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SUCH AS: Size, Color, Shape, Density, Texture, Smell, or State

B. CHEMICAL CHANGES Changed into a new substance with new properties. A new kind of matter! Bonds between atoms break, and the atoms rearrange to form new and different substances Also called a chemical reaction CANNOT get it back

TEMPERATURE, LIGHT, SOUND, ODOR, FIZZING,COLOR CHANGE CLUES THAT A CHEMICAL CHANGE OR REACTION HAS OCCURED: TEMPERATURE, LIGHT, SOUND, ODOR, FIZZING,COLOR CHANGE absorbs energy releases energy absorbs energy

Matter changes whenever energy is added or taken away C. ENERGY Matter changes whenever energy is added or taken away Thermal Energy – movement of particles heat particles – gain thermal energy cool particles – lose thermal energy Chemical Energy – energy in chemical bonds Break bonds – release energy Form bonds – absorb energy

(applies to both chemical & physical changes) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (applies to both chemical & physical changes) Total amount of energy stays the same Energy can change from one form to another, but energy is never lost or created

CONTROL THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION BY ADDING ENERGY OR TAKING ENERGY AWAY Why is meat stored in the freezer? What happens to milk left on the counter? Why do we place cake batter in an oven?

D. CHANGES IN STATES of MATTER GAS VAPORIZATION (evaporization & boiling) CONDENSATION Sublimation LIQUID FREEZING MELTING SOLID

Changing between Liquids & Solids MELTING Change from a solid state to a liquid state Melting Point - Temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid Matter absorbs thermal energy and the temperature rises FREEZING Change from a liquid state to a solid state Freezing Point - Temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid Matter releases thermal energy and temperature drops Melting point and freezing point are the same for a given type of matter

Changing between Liquids & Gasses VAPORIZATION Change from a liquid state to a gas state EVAPORIZATION – vaporization that takes place at the surface of a liquid Example - Puddle drying up after a rain shower BOILING – vaporization that takes place throughout the liquid (BOILING POINT) CONDENSATION Change from a gas state to a liquid state Gas particles cool, slow down enough to be attracted to each other, and droplets form Matter releases thermal energy

State Change Pyramid Gas Liquid Solid Condensation Sublimation Absorbing thermal energy Releasing thermal energy Gas Condensation Sublimation Vaporization Melting Freezing Liquid Solid

Why does sweating cool the human body? (hint: liquid changes state and uses thermal energy) Why do liquids boil at a lower temperature in the mountains? (hint: boiling also depends on air pressure)

What state of matter are clouds, fog, & steam? (hint: water vapor is invisible) Why do orange farmers in Florida spray their crops with water to save the oranges when a night freeze is predicted? (hint: liquid to solid, releases energy)

Directly from a Solid to a Gas SUBLIMATION Change from a solid state to a gas state, without ever becoming a liquid Particles on the surface of a solid gain enough energy to become a gas Examples: dry ice (solid CO2) creates fog, snow seems to disappear

Graphing Changes of State THERMAL energy- temperature change CHEMICAL energy – no temperature change (ALL horizontal areas are phase changes)